FIGURE 1.

Schematic representations of kidney MPS (A) and organoid system (B). Kidney MPS often culture a single cell type, sometimes adjacent to a second cell type, on a three-dimensional platform mimicking physiological conditions (e.g., tubular structure, constant flow, shear stress). Kidney organoids can be cultured in large batches (e.g,. a 96-well format), with multiple cell types emerging from iPSC sources. While different cell types will self-organize, formation complex physiologically relevant three-dimensional structures is incomplete.