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Activation of TGR5 by INT-777 inhibited LPS-induced M1-predominant polarization, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. WT primary Kupffer cells were isolated and administered LPS or INT-777. (A) TNF-α and IL-6 secretion; (B) mRNA levels of iNOS2 and Arg I; (C) protein levels of NF-κB (nuclear and plasma). ***P<0.001 (vs. vehicle); ##P<0.01, ###P<0.001 (vs. LPS + vehicle).
