Table 2. Univariate and multivariate associations of clinical risk factors and other CSVD markers with EPVS.
| Variables | Total EPVS (0–2 vs. 3–8) | BG–EPVS (0–1 vs. 2–4) | CS–EPVS (0–1 vs. 2–4) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |||
| Age | 1.029 (1.007–1.051) | 1.009 (0.982–1.037) | 1.057 (1.040–1.073) | 1.041 (1.017–1.066) | 1.019 (0.999–1.039) | 1.001 (0.974–1.028) | ||
| Male | 0.916 (0.505–1.663) | 1.112 (0.500–2.473) | 1.074 (0.751–1.536) | 1.274 (0.711–2.282) | 1.022 (0.589–1.772) | 1.071 (0.512–2.240) | ||
| Hypertension | 2.304 (1.275–4.161) | 1.704 (0.879–3.303) | 3.677 (2.489–5.431) | 2.174 (1.338–3.532) | 1.712 (0.991–2.957) | 1.145 (0.608–2.160) | ||
| Diabetes | 1.120 (0.566–2.216) | 0.832 (0.386–1.794) | 1.743 (1.160–2.620) | 0.917 (0.540–1.556) | 1.272 (0.663–2.439) | 1.310 (0.617–2.781) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 1.280 (0.525–3.125) | 1.365 (0.539–3.456) | 0.831 (0.503–1.373) | 0.834 (0.448–1.553) | 1.100 (0.499–2.426) | 1.250 (0.523–2.988) | ||
| AF | 1.107 (0.559–2.191) | 0.974 (0.441–2.150) | 0.667 (0.444–1.004) | 0.570 (0.324–1.289) | 1.128 (0.597–2.133) | 1.204 (0.560–2.589) | ||
| Prior stroke/TIA | 1.686 (0.695–4.088) | 1.393 (0.521–3.723) | 1.733 (1.087–2.763) | 0.703 (0.383–1.289) | 1.459 (0.666–3.193) | 1.377 (0.575–3.298) | ||
| Smoking | 0.731 (0.405–1.320) | 0.625 (0.273–1.427) | 0.999 (0.694–1.439) | 1.014 (0.553–1.858) | 0.848 (0.487–1.478) | 0.678 (0.311–1.478) | ||
| Drinking | 1.126 (0.557–2.275) | – | 1.041 (0.689–1.575) | 1.274 (0.680–2.386) | 1.424 (0.714–2.840) | 1.999 (0.854–4.677) | ||
| Lacunar stroke | 1.088 (0.568–2.084) | 0.830 (0.395–1.746) | 2.639 (1.766–3.943) | 1.968 (1.169–3.314) | 0.950 (0.526–1.715) | 0.662 (0.330–1.328) | ||
| BG-EPVS | – | – | – | – | 3.822 (2.160–6.763) | 4.349 (2.281–8.291) | ||
| CS-EPVS | – | – | 2.056 (1.589–2.660) | 2.474 (1.796–3.407) | – | – | ||
| PWMH | 1.937 (1.311–2.862) | 1.218 (0.676–2.194) | 3.430 (2.654–4.434) | 2.140 (1.441–3.176) | 1.344 (0.980–1.844) | 0.677 (0.395–1.162) | ||
| DWMH | 2.385 (1.483–3.834) | 2.012 (1.062–3.809) | 3.140 (2.389–4.127) | 1.363 (0.928–2.001) | 1.565 (1.076–2.277) | 1.495 (0.866–2.579) | ||
| Lacunes | 1.094 (0.512–2.337) | 0.497 (0.204–1.209) | 2.973 (1.841–4.802) | 1.377 (0.732–2.590) | 0.924 (0.469–1.818) | 0.536 (0.233–1.233) | ||
The multivariate analyses adjusted for all covariates presented in the table. AF, atrial fibrillation; TIA, transient ischemic attack; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; BG-EPVS, basal ganglia enlarged perivascular spaces; CS-EPVS, centrum semiovale enlarged perivascular spaces; PWMH, periventricular white matter hyperintensity; DWMH, deep white matter hyperintensity; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.