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Effect of defoliation and fruit removal on the canopy area of Cabernet Sauvignon grapevine in 2017 (A,B), 2018 (C,D), and 2019 (E,F). The interactive effects and simple means with standard error of the mean in each year are presented in (A,C,E). The main effect of defoliation with significant trend line are presented in (B,D,F). Columns with different letters in the main effect panel are significantly different at P < 0.05 according to Tukey's HSD.
