Table 1.
Characteristics of Populations With Any, Coded, and Uncoded CKD in the MHS
| Any CKD | Coded CKD | Uncoded CKD | Pa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | 105,504 (100%) | 38,688 (35%) | 66,816 (65%) | |
| Age, y | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 48 (12.9) | 52 (10.6) | 45 (13.5) | <0.001 |
| Median (IQR) | 51 (39, 58) | 54 (46, 60) | 48 (34, 57) | |
| Female sex | 50,867 (48.2%) | 14,547 (37.6%) | 36,320 (54.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Beneficiary category | ||||
| Active duty dependent | 14,513 (13.8%) | 3,103 (8.0%) | 11,410 (17.1%) | <0.001 |
| Retired | 41,044 (38.9%) | 19,581 (50.6%) | 21,463 (32.1%) | |
| Other dependent | 31,616 (30.0%) | 11,160 (28.9%) | 20,456 (30.6%) | |
| Active duty | 18,331 (17.4%) | 4,844 (12.5%) | 13,487 (20.2%) | <0.001b |
| Race | ||||
| White | 49,697 (47.1%) | 16,153 (41.8%) | 33,544 (50.2%) | <0.001 |
| Black | 24,551 (23.3%) | 12,197 (31.5%) | 12,354 (18.5%) | <0.001c |
| AAPI | 4,790 (4.5%) | 2,163 (5.6%) | 2,627 (3.9%) | |
| AIAN | 372 (0.4%) | 111 (0.3%) | 261 (0.4%) | |
| Other | 13,171 (12.5%) | 4,547 (11.8%) | 8,624 (12.9%) | |
| Unknown | 2,996 (2.8%) | 735 (1.9%) | 2,261 (3.4%) | |
| Missing | 9,927 (9.4%) | 2,782 (7.2%) | 7,145 (10.7%) | |
| Rank | ||||
| Junior Enlisted | 7,952 (7.5%) | 1,329 (3.4%) | 6,623 (9.9%) | <0.001 |
| Senior Enlisted | 79,506 (75.4%) | 30,257 (78.2%) | 49,249 (73.7%) | |
| Junior Officer | 5,333 (5.1%) | 1,727 (4.5%) | 3,606 (5.4%) | |
| Senior Officer | 12,712 (12.1%) | 5,374 (13.9%) | 7,338 (11.0%) | |
| Other | d | d | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Married | 74,393 (70.5%) | 28,518 (73.7%) | 45,875 (68.7%) | <0.001 |
| Branch of service | ||||
| Army | 39,988 (37.9%) | 15,827 (40.9%) | 24,161 (36.2%) | <0.001 |
| Air Force | 26,094 (24.7%) | 11,881 (30.7%) | 14,213 (21.3%) | |
| Marine Corps | 4,317 (4.1%) | 1,902 (4.9%) | 2,415 (3.6%) | |
| Navy | 33,465 (31.7%) | 8,513 (22.0%) | 24,952 (37.3%) | |
| Other | 1,640 (1.6%) | 565 (1.5%) | 1,075 (1.6%) | |
| Diabetes | 32,503 (30.8%) | 16,809 (43.5%) | 15,694 (23.5%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 60,955 (57.8%) | 29,836 (77.1%) | 31,119 (46.6%) | <0.001 |
| Depression | 12,362 (11.7%) | 4,831 (12.5%) | 7,531 (11.3%) | <0.001 |
| HIV | 465 (0.4%) | 359 (0.9%) | 106 (0.2%) | <0.001 |
| Dialysis | 1,772 (1.7%) | 1,772 (4.6%) | 0.0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| Transplant | 1,065 (1.0%) | 1,065 (2.8%) | 0.0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| BMI (missing = 292,246) | ||||
| Obese | 51,561 (48.9%) | 20,940 (54.1%) | 30,621 (45.8%) | <0.001 |
| Overweight | 35,689 (33.8%) | 12,568 (32.5%) | 23,121 (34.6%) | |
| Normal/under | 17,417 (16.5%) | 4,828 (12.48%) | 12,589 (18.8%) | |
| Zip code MHI (missing = 427,864) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | $60,145 ($19,089) | $65,910 ($22,152) | $56,825 ($16,171) | <0.001 |
| Median (IQR) | $55,251 ($47,737, $67,344) | $60,936 ($50,206, $77,114) | $52,856 ($47,141, $62,747) | |
| No. of urinary albumin measurese | 1.1 (1.6) | 1.6 (1.9) | 0.8 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| No. of UACR measurese | 0.9 (1.5) | 1.3 (1.8) | 0.6 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| No. of UPCR measurese | 0.3 (1.5) | 0.8 (2.3) | 0.1 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| No. of Scr measurese | 10.5 (18.3) | 16.9 (27.3) | 6.9 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| No. of eGFR measurese | 6.1 (9.5) | 9.1 (14.2) | 4.3 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Phenotype positive | 82,159 (77.8%) | 15,343 (39.6%) | 66,816 (100%) | <0.001 |
| Urinary albumin test | 47,504 (45.0%) | 24,379 (63.0%) | 23,125 (34.6%) | <0.001 |
| UACR test | 38,391 (36.4%) | 20,042 (51.8%) | 18,349 (27.5%) | <0.001 |
| UPCR test | 12,588 (11.9%) | 9,857 (25.5%) | 2,731 (4.1%) | <0.001 |
| Any proteinuria test | 52,682 (49.9%) | 27,507 (71.1%) | 25,175 (37.7%) | <0.001 |
| Any kidney test | 104,644 (99.2%) | 37,828 (97.8%) | 66,816 (100%) | <0.001 |
| CKD stage | ||||
| G3a | 14,056 (13.3%) | 8,858 (22.9%) | 5,198 (7.8%) | <0.001 |
| G3b | 3,938 (3.7%) | 3,165 (8.2%) | 773 (1.2%) | |
| G4 | 1,441 (1.4%) | 1,325 (3.4%) | 116 (0.2%) | |
| G5 | 1,057 (1.0%) | 1,024 (2.7%) | 33 (0.1%) |
Abbreviations: AAPI, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders; AIAN, American Indian and Alaska Native; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range; MHI, median household income; MHS, Military Health System; Scr, serum creatinine; SD, standard deviation; UACR, urinary albumin-creatinine ratio; UPCR, urinary protein-creatinine ratio.
a
P values from χ2 tests and t tests between coded and uncoded CKD.
b
Compares active duty with non–active duty.
c
Compares Black race with non-Black race.
d
Censored due to small cell size.
e
Mean (SD) number of tests among those who had any test.