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Meta-analysis of chronic kidney disease awareness prevalence, grouped by terminology used to ascertain awareness. Heterogeneity by wording subgroup: “kidney disease” (P < 0.001; I2 = 99.4%), “weak or failing kidneys” (P < 0.001; I2 = 99.5%), “kidney problem” (P < 0.001; I2 = 99.2%), and “chronic kidney disease” (P < 0.001; I2 = 99.5%). An individual study may be represented by more than 1 marker if it reported multiple estimates of awareness using different survey questions.
