Figure 4.
Meta-analysis of chronic kidney disease awareness prevalence, grouped by study setting. Heterogeneity by setting subgroup: general public (P < 0.001; I2 = 98.9%), primary care (P < 0.001; I2 = 99.3%), hospital (P < 0.001; I2 = 99.3%), and nephrology clinic (P < 0.001; I2 = 98.9%). An individual study may be represented by more than 1 marker if it reported multiple estimates of awareness using different survey questions (numbered [1] weak or failing kidneys; [2] kidney disease; [3] kidney problem; [4] kidney damage; [5] protein in the urine; [6] chronic kidney disease).