Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Study Cohort
| No AKI (n =1,076) | Stage 0A AKD (n=654) | Stage 0C AKD (n=326) | Stage ≥1 AKD (n=251) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, ya | 63.1 ± 16.6 | 63.9 ± 15.6 | 64.9 ± 15.2 | 59.7 ± 15.9 |
| Men | 560 (52.0%) | 362 (55.4%) | 157 (48.2%) | 130 (51.8%) |
| Race | ||||
| Black | 489 (45.6%) | 295 (45.6%) | 171 (52.9%) | 131 (52.4%) |
| White | 356 (33.2%) | 229 (35.4%) | 104 (32.2%) | 73 (29.2%) |
| Other | 228 (21.3%) | 123 (19.0%) | 48 (14.9%) | 46 (18.4%) |
| Chronic conditions | ||||
| Baseline Scr, mg/dLa,b | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 |
| Baseline eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2a | ||||
| ≥90 | 155 (14.4%) | 74 (11.3%) | 64 (19.6%) | 56 (22.3%) |
| <90 and ≥60 | 358 (33.3%) | 215 (32.9%) | 120 (36.8%) | 78 (31.1%) |
| <60 and ≥45 | 303 (28.2%) | 210 (32.1%) | 72 (22.1%) | 75 (29.9%) |
| <45 and ≥30 | 207 (19.2%) | 121 (18.5%) | 59 (18.1%) | 33 (13.2%) |
| <30 and ≥15 | 53 (4.9%) | 34 (5.2%) | 11 (3.4%) | 9 (3.6%) |
| Diabetes | 246 (22.9%) | 163 (24.9%) | 86 (26.4%) | 51 (20.3%) |
| Hypertensiona | 503 (46.8%) | 295 (45.1%) | 143 (43.9%) | 83 (33.1%) |
| Systolic heart failure | 46 (4.3%) | 29 (4.4%) | 13 (4.0%) | 8 (3.2%) |
| Anemiaa | 861 (82.4%) | 524 (81.6%) | 283 (88.7%) | 214 (86.3%) |
| Drug exposure | ||||
| Diuretica | 482 (44.8%) | 282 (43.1%) | 167 (51.2%) | 127 (50.6%) |
| Statin | 363 (33.7%) | 219 (33.5%) | 126 (38.7%) | 79 (31.5%) |
| Iodine contrasta | 348 (32.3%) | 138 (21.1%) | 68 (20.9%) | 45 (17.9%) |
| Aminoglycoside | 104 (9.7%) | 50 (7.7%) | 27 (8.3%) | 19 (7.6%) |
| Critical indicators | ||||
| Oliguria 72 ha | 425 (40.4%) | 273 (42.6%) | 145 (45.7%) | 130 (53.9%) |
| CFB 72 h, La | 1.1 [−1.6 to 4.5] | 2.7 [−0.6 to 6.7] | 1.2 [−1.2 to 5.4] | 1.3 [−2.0 to 5.3] |
| LOS, d | 11 [7 to 20] | 12 [6 to 21] | 12 [6 to 19] | 13 [7 to 22] |
| Pressor or inotropea | 257 (23.9%) | 212 (32.4%) | 94 (28.8%) | 68 (27.1%) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 378 (35.1%) | 239 (36.5%) | 107 (32.8%) | 84 (33.5%) |
| Blood transfusion | 34 (3.2%) | 24 (3.7%) | 10 (3.1%) | 3 (1.2%) |
| APACHE II scorea | 10 [7 to 14] | 12 [9 to 17] | 12 [8 to 17] | 11 [7 to 16] |
| SOFA scorea | 3 [1 to 5] | 4 [2 to 7] | 4 [2 to 7] | 4 [2 to 7] |
| Dipstick albuminuria > 30 mg/dLa | 333 (31.0%) | 341 (52.1%) | 155 (47.6%) | 136 (54.2%) |
| AKI characteristics | ||||
| AKI severity (KDIGO criteria)a | ||||
| Stage 1 | — | 396 (60.6%) | 193 (59.2%) | 56 (22.3%) |
| Stage 2 | 100 (15.3%) | 62 (19.0%) | 49 (19.5%) | |
| Stage 3 | 158 (24.2%) | 71 (21.8%) | 146 (58.2%) | |
| Hospital dialysisa | — | 60 (9.2%) | 20 (6.1%) | 82 (32.7%) |
| Peak Scr, mg/dLa | 1.2 [0.9 to 1.4] | 2.2 [1.7 to 3.2] | 2.2 [1.6 to 3.0] | 3.6 [2.0 to 6.3] |
| Discharge Scr, mg/dL a | 1.0 [0.8 to 1.2] | 1.1 [0.9 to 1.3] | 1.4 [1.1 to 1.9] | 2.6 [1.7 to 4.2] |
Note: Values expressed as mean ± standard deviation, number (percent), or median [25th to 75th percentile].
Abbreviations: AKD, acute kidney disease; AKI, acute kidney injury; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; CFB, cumulative fluid balance; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; iodine contrast, only if intravenous or intra-arterial; LOS, length of hospital stay; oliguria 72 h, urine output < 500 mL/d in the first 72 hours of intensive care unit admission; Scr, serum creatinine; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score; KDIGO, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes.
a
P < 0.05 for comparison across all 4 groups.
b
Includes imputed missing baseline Scr value.