Table 2. Differences of immune response in patients with COVID-19 on admission.

Biomarker	Normal Range	N, Median (IQR)		P value
		Non-severe (164)	Severe or Critical (90)
Inflammatory cytokines
IL-1β, n, pg/mL	<5	164, 5 (5–5)	90, 5 (5–5)	0.742
IL-2R, n, U/mL	223–710	164, 498 (318.5–750.8)	90, 1111.5 (728.2–1656.0)	<0.001
Decreased, n (%)		17 (10.4%)	2 (2.2%)	<0.001
Increased, n (%)		101 (61.6%)	19 (21.1%)
IL-6, n, pg/mL	<7	164, 4.0 (1.5–13.0)	90, 42.2 (12.9–96.3)	<0.001
Increased, n (%)		59 (36.0%)	77 (85.6%)	<0.001
IL-8, n, pg/mL	<62	164, 7.8 (5.0–16.3)	90, 22.9 (11.8–49.2)	<0.001
Increased, n (%)		2 (1.2%)	18 (20.0%)	<0.001
IL-10, n, pg/mL	<9.1	164, 5.0 (5.0–5.0)	90, 6.6 (5–13.4)	<0.001
Increased, n (%)		10 (6.1%)	39 (43.3%)	<0.001
TNF-α, n, pg/mL	<8.1	164, 6.6 (4.5–9.4)	90, 9.8 (7.1–14.1)	<0.001
Increased, n (%)		44 (26.8%)	49 (54.4%)	<0.001
Lymphocyte Subsets
T cells + B cells + NK cells, n/μL	– –	96, 1435 (1145.5–1718.8)	41, 736 (332–1160.5)	<0.001
T cells (CD3+ CD19–), n/μL	955–2860	96, 1005.5 (794–1231)	41, 359 (198.5–804.5)	<0.001
Decreased, n/N (%)		37/96 (38.5%)	34/41 (82.9%)	<0.001
B cells (CD3– CD19+), n/μL	90–560	96, 177 (118.5–256)	41, 84 (40–154)	<0.001
Decreased, n/N (%)		17/96 (17.7%)	22/41 (53.7%)	<0.001
Th cells (CD3+ CD4+), n/μL	550–1440	96, 632 (509–809.5)	41, 240 (102.5-552.5)	<0.001
Decreased, n/N (%)		34/96 (35.4%)	31/41 (75.6%)	<0.001
Ts cells (CD3+ CD8+), n/μL	320–1250	96, 314 (237–418)	41, 128 (47–255.5)	<0.001
Decreased, n/N (%)		49/96 (51.0%)	36/41 (87.8%)	<0.001
NK cells (CD3–/CD16+ CD56+), n/μL	150–1100	96, 190 (128–257)	41, 60 (30.5–186.5)	<0.001
Decreased, n/N (%)		36/96 (37.5%)	28/41 (68.3%)	<0.001
Th/Ts ratio	0.71–2.78	96, 2.04 (1.49–2.59)	41, 2.29 (1.58–3.55)	0.130
Increased, n/N (%)		16/96 (16.7%)	13/41 (31.7%)	0.137

Abbreviations: IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; Th: helper T cells; Ts: suppressor T cells.