Table 2. Regression coefficients (βs and 95% confidence intervals) for glycemic indicators at follow-up in participants without baseline type 2 diabetes mellitus by baseline RGS-TUG score and obesity status.
| RGS-TUG score | P for trend | ||||||
| 4 (best) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 (poorest) | |||
| No. of participants | Total | 583 | 915 | 1,124 | 785 | 485 | |
| Underweight | 47 | 49 | 50 | 19 | 4 | ||
| Normal weight | 436 | 645 | 739 | 448 | 204 | ||
| Overweight/obesity | 100 | 221 | 335 | 318 | 277 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | Total | 22.39 (2.78) | 23.05 (2.90) | 23.55 (3.04) | 24.48 (3.23) | 25.74 (3.45) | |
| Normal weight | 21.96 (1.66) | 22.13 (1.67) | 22.34 (1.68) | 22.56 (1.58) | 22.78 (1.56) | ||
| Overweight/obesity | 26.65 (1.33) | 26.94 (1.57) | 27.13 (1.78) | 27.61 (2.09) | 28.05 (2.46) | ||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/l | |||||||
| Total | Crude model | 0.00 | 0.06 (–0.03, 0.15) | 0.12 (0.04, 0.21)** | 0.14 (0.05, 0.23)** | 0.25 (0.15, 0.36)*** | <0.001 |
| Adjusted model† | 0.00 | 0.04 (–0.06, 0.13) | 0.09 (–0.01, 0.18) | 0.07 (–0.04, 0.18) | 0.21 (0.08, 0.33)** | 0.004 | |
| Normal weight | Crude model | 0.00 | 0.02 (–0.07, 0.10) | 0.09 (0.01, 0.17)* | 0.04 (–0.05, 0.13) | 0.14 (0.02, 0.26)* | 0.02 |
| Adjusted model† | 0.00 | –0.01 (–0.10, 0.08) | 0.04 (–0.04, 0.13) | –0.03 (–0.13, 0.08) | 0.08 (–0.06, 0.22) | 0.51 | |
| Overweight/obesity | Crude model | 0.00 | 0.13 (–0.12, 0.39) | 0.10 (–0.14, 0.34) | 0.15 (–0.09, 0.39) | 0.17 (–0.08, 0.42) | 0.23 |
| Adjusted model† | 0.00 | 0.18 (–0.09, 0.46) | 0.18 (–0.09, 0.46) | 0.19 (–0.10, 0.47) | 0.34 (0.03, 0.65)* | 0.08 | |
| 2-hour post-load glucose, mmol/l | |||||||
| Total | Crude model | 0.00 | 0.30 (0.04, 0.56)* | 0.53 (0.28, 0.78)*** | 0.83 (0.57, 1.10)*** | 1.49 (1.19, 1.79)*** | <0.001 |
| Adjusted model† | 0.00 | 0.17 (–0.10, 0.44) | 0.39 (0.12, 0.66)** | 0.44 (0.13, 0.75)** | 1.06 (0.69, 1.43)*** | <0.001 | |
| Normal weight | Crude model | 0.00 | 0.12 (–0.13, 0.36) | 0.45 (0.21, 0.69)*** | 0.61 (0.34, 0.88)*** | 1.02 (0.67, 1.36)*** | <0.001 |
| Adjusted model† | 0.00 | –0.02 (–0.28, 0.23) | 0.26 (–0.001, 0.52) | 0.21 (–0.10, 0.51) | 0.61 (0.18, 1.03)** | 0.003 | |
| Overweight/obesity | Crude model | 0.00 | 0.65 (–0.06, 1.36) | 0.40 (–0.28, 1.07) | 0.75 (0.07, 1.42)* | 1.32 (0.63, 2.02)*** | <0.001 |
| Adjusted model† | 0.00 | 0.73 (–0.04, 1.51) | 0.59 (–0.18, 1.36) | 0.59 (–0.22, 1.40) | 1.12 (0.24, 1.99)* | 0.07 | |
| HbA1c, % | |||||||
| Total | Crude model | 0.00 | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16)* | 0.08 (0.01, 0.14)* | 0.14 (0.07, 0.22)*** | 0.22 (0.14, 0.31)*** | <0.001 |
| Adjusted model† | 0.00 | 0.05 (–0.03, 0.12) | 0.05 (–0.03, 0.13) | 0.06 (–0.03, 0.14) | 0.16 (0.06, 0.27)** | 0.02 | |
| Normal weight | Crude model | 0.00 | 0.05 (–0.02, 0.12) | 0.05 (–0.02, 0.12) | 0.06 (–0.01, 0.14) | 0.11 (0.005, 0.21)* | 0.03 |
| Adjusted model† | 0.00 | 0.01 (–0.07, 0.09) | 0.02 (–0.06, 0.10) | –0.01 (–0.10, 0.09) | 0.08 (–0.05, 0.21) | 0.57 | |
| Overweight/obesity | Crude model | 0.00 | 0.20 (0.02, 0.39)* | 0.10 (–0.08, 0.27) | 0.20 (0.03, 0.38)* | 0.26 (0.07, 0.44)** | 0.02 |
| Adjusted model† | 0.00 | 0.17 (–0.04, 0.37) | 0.11 (–0.09, 0.32) | 0.13 (–0.09, 0.34) | 0.20 (–0.04, 0.44) | 0.29 | |
RGS-TUG score: a composite score of relative grip strength and timed up and go test, with 4 indicating best physical function and 0 indicating poorest physical function; Underweight: BMI <18.5 kg/m2; Normal weight: 18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI <25 kg/m2; Overweight/obesity: BMI ≥25 kg/m2; Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; SD: standard deviation; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c.
†Adjusting for sex, age, education, occupation, smoking status, alcohol use, self-rated health and fasting glucose at baseline.
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.