Table 2.
Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) Coordinates for Brain Areas where Connectivity with the Right Anterior Insula (rAI) Correlated with Sensory Over-Responsivity (SOR)
| ASD female |
ASD male |
ASD female>ASD male |
ASD male>ASD female |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MNI peak (mm) | MNI peak (mm) | MNI peak (mm) | MNI peak (mm) | |||||||||||||||||
| Voxels | x | y | z | Max Z | Voxels | x | y | z | Max Z | Voxels | x | y | z | Max Z | Voxels | x | y | z | Max Z | |
| Superior frontal gyrus | 1266 | 4 | 48 | 38 | 3.65 | |||||||||||||||
| ACC/paracingulate/superior frontal gyrus | 2 | 42 | 20 | 3.61 | 582 | 4 | 40 | 16 | 4.04 | |||||||||||
| Middle frontal gyrus | 42 | 52 | 8 | 3.15 | 883 | 40 | 50 | 6 | 3.64 | |||||||||||
| Right OFC | 28 | 26 | −10 | 3.25 | ||||||||||||||||
| Right postcentral gyrus | 1373 | 52 | −24 | 60 | 7.7 | 1230 | 58 | −18 | 54 | 4.6 | ||||||||||
| Left operculum/insula | 1321 | −48 | −16 | 20 | 4.87 | 1068 | −48 | −16 | 20 | 4.3 | ||||||||||
| Left postcentral gyrus | −56 | −16 | 52 | 4.26 | ||||||||||||||||
| Lingual gyrus | 20 | −48 | −4 | 3.63 | ||||||||||||||||
| Left superior temporal gyrus | 1174 | −60 | −16 | −2 | 4.21 | −44 | −42 | 2 | 3.76 | |||||||||||
| Right superior temporal gyrus/middle temporal gyrus | 605 | 54 | −20 | −10 | 3.71 | |||||||||||||||
| Right planum polare | 747 | 48 | 26 | −22 | 4.26 | |||||||||||||||
| Left temporal fusiform gyrus | 643 | −42 | −38 | −18 | 4.07 | |||||||||||||||
| Precuneus | 1149 | −2 | −74 | 46 | 4.19 | |||||||||||||||
| Posterior cingulate gyrus | 525 | 2 | −26 | 32 | 4.27 | |||||||||||||||
Note. x, y, and z refer to the left–right, anterior–posterior, and inferior–superior dimensions, respectively; Z refers to the Z-score at those coordinates (local maxima or submaxima). Voxels indicates cluster size; coordinates in italics are local maxima within the same cluster as the coordinates above them. Within- and between-group analyses are cluster corrected for multiple comparisons, z > 2.3, p < .05. Within-group coordinates indicate either a positive correlation with SOR and functional connectivity with the right anterior insula seed or a negative correlation with SOR (in bold). Between-group coordinates indicate clusters where the one group had a significantly correlation between SOR and rAI connectivity with that region relative to the other group. Peak coordinates were found in similar regions when anxiety was not covaried, except for the frontal regions positively associated with SOR for ASD females (Figure S4).
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex.