Table 2.

Histopathology, Role of Biopsy, and Role of Surgery in the Management of Benign Cardiac Tumors

Tumor	Histopathology	Role of Biopsy	Role of Surgery	Ref. #
Myxoma	Spindle or stellate cells, pseudo-vascular structure, myxoid matrix, hemorrhage Dystrophic calcification can be present.	Not usually needed	Complete resection recommended to prevent embolic complications	(26,27)
Lipoma	Mature adipocytes, occasionally with entrapped myocytes at the periphery	Not usually needed	Not required in most cases; can be considered for severely symptomatic cases	(28,29)
Fibroma	Fibroblasts and collagen bundles, some elastic fibers, calcification is a common finding	Not usually needed	Can be considered for severely symptomatic cases	(26,30)
Rhabdomyoma	Spider cell (vacuolated enlarged cardiac myocyte with clear cytoplasm due to abundant glycogen).	Not usually needed	Usually not needed due to spontaneous regression; can be considered for severely symptomatic cases	(26,31)
Papillary fibroelastoma	Endocardium-coated fronds with an avascular collagenous core containing mucopolysaccharide and elastin	Not usually needed	Recommended for large left-sided lesions to reduce the risk of embolic complications	(8,28,32)