Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study type; individual patient data available? | Study setting and period | Inflammation criteria for inclusion |
Number of patients |
Route of administration | Steroid intake | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anakinra group | Control group | ||||||
| Cauchois et al (2020)22 | Observational; yes | France: not mentioned | CRP >110 mg/L | 12 | 10 | Intravenous | No dexamethasone as standard of care; no other steroids |
| Huet et al (2020)23 | Observational; yes | France: March, 2020 (historical controls); March 24–April 6, 2020 (anakinra group) | .. | 52 | 44 | Subcutaneous | No dexamethasone as standard of care; steroid pulse in 2 of 52 patients in anakinra group |
| The CORIMUNO-19 Collaborative group (2021)24 | Randomised controlled trial; no | France: April 8–26, 2020 | CRP >25 mg/L | 59 | 55 | Intravenous | Dexamethasone in 1 of 59 in anakinra group; other glucocorticoids in 6 of 59 in anakinra group, and 8 of 55 in control group |
| Bozzi et al (2021)25 | Observational; yes | Italy: Feb 25–March 30, 2020 | CRP > 100 mg/L or ferritin >1000 μg/L, or both | 65 | 55 | Subcutaneous; intravenous if on invasive mechanical ventilation | No dexamethasone as standard of care; methylprednisolone co-administered with anakinra |
| Cavalli et al (2021)26 | Observational; yes | Italy: March 10–17, 2020 (historical controls); March–May, 2020 (anakinra group) | CRP >100 mg/L or ferritin >900 μg/L | 62 | 275 | Intravenous | Dexamethasone in 54 of 275 controls and in 7 of 62 in anakinra group |
| Pontali et al (2021)27 | Observational; no | Italy: Feb 26–April 29, 2020 | CRP or ferritin >3 times the normal limits | 63 | 44 | Intravenous | No dexamethasone as standard of care; methylprednisolone in 33 of 63 patients in anakinra group |
| Kooistra et al (2020)28 | Observational; yes | Netherlands: March 11–April 27, 2020 | Ferritin >1800 μg/L; clinical hyperinflammation signs (persistent fever, unexplained progression of multiorgan failure) | 21 | 39 | Intravenous | Dexamethasone in 14 of 39 patients on standard of care and in 3 of 21 in anakinra group |
| Kyriazopoulou et al (2021)29 | Observational; yes | Greece: April 16–Sept 12, 2020 | suPAR >6 μg/L | 130 | 130 | Subcutaneous | Dexamethasone as standard of care in 47 of 130 controls and in 52 of 130 in anakinra group |
| Balkhair et al (2021)30 | Observational; no | Oman: April 1–June 14, 2020 (historical controls); June 15–July 25, 2020 (anakinra group) | .. | 45 | 24 | Subcutaneous | Dexamethasone in 24 of 45 in anakinra group, and 3 of 24 controls; methylprednisolone in 1 of 45 in anakinra group, and in 13 of 24 controls |
CRP=C-reactive protein. suPAR=soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor.