Table 1. Description and comparison of probable depression, probable generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and stress prevalence at baseline and at the online WebCOVID-19 pandemic follow-ups, stratified by sociodemographic and household characteristics, Rio Grande, state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, 2019.
| Depression | GAD | Moderate/severe stress* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | WebCovid-19 | p-value† | Baseline | WebCovid-19 | p-value† | WebCovid-19 | |
| Total | 52 (5.1) | 305 (29.5) | < 0.001 | 69 (9.7) | 266 (25.9) | < 0.001 | 431 (40.6) |
| Maternal age, years | p = 0.060‡ | ||||||
| < 20 | 8 (6.9) | 40 (34.5) | < 0.001 | 12 (10.4) | 31 (27.2) | 0.002 | 36 (31.0) |
| 20-24 | 15 (5.5) | 84 (30.3) | < 0.001 | 27 (9.7) | 75 (27.6) | < 0.001 | 102 (36.8) |
| 25-34 | 23 (4.9) | 133 (27.9) | < 0.001 | 44 (9.3) | 115 (24.4) | < 0.001 | 211 (44.3) |
| 35 or older | 6 (3.5) | 48 (27.7) | < 0.001 | 17 (9.8) | 45 (26.3) | < 0.001 | 75 (43.4) |
| Skin color, self-reported | p = 0.920‡ | ||||||
| White | 37 (4.4) | 241 (28.5) | < 0.001 | 72 (8.5) | 205 (24.6) | < 0.001 | 347 (41.1) |
| Brown | 7 (5.5) | 44 (34.4) | < 0.001 | 18 (14.1) | 39 (31.5) | < 0.001 | 49 (38.3) |
| Black | 8 (11.9) | 20 (29.0) | 0.008 | 10 (14.5) | 22 (31.9) | 0.006 | 28 (40.6) |
| Educational attainment | p = 0.050‡ | ||||||
| Primary | 18 (8.6) | 63 (29.6) | < 0.001 | 17 (8.0) | 59 (28.2) | < 0.001 | 74 (34.7) |
| Secondary | 23 (4.6) | 155 (30.6) | < 0.001 | 52 (10.3) | 136 (27.3) | < 0.001 | 215 (42.4) |
| Higher | 11 (3.5) | 87 (27.0) | < 0.001 | 31 (9.7) | 71 (22.2) | < 0.001 | 135 (41.9) |
| Income tertile | p = 0.070‡ | ||||||
| 1st | 21 (7.4) | 98 (34.4) | < 0.001 | 31 (10.9) | 81 (28.8) | < 0.001 | 108 (37.9) |
| 2nd | 13 (4.3) | 87 (28.1) | < 0.001 | 27 (8.8) | 80 (26.2) | < 0.001 | 120 (38.7) |
| 3rd | 17 (4.0) | 114 (26.5) | < 0.001 | 42 (9.8) | 97 (22.8) | < 0.001 | 189 (44.0) |
| Number of people in the household during COVID-19 | p = 0.790‡ | ||||||
| < 3 | 34 (4.9) | 180 (25.8) | 0.004 | 66 (9.5) | 158 (22.9) | 0.850 | 272 (38.9) |
| 3 or 4 | 12 (6.1) | 82 (40.6) | < 0.001 | 22 (10.9) | 65 (32.7) | < 0.001 | 103 (51.0) |
| ≥ 5 | 6 (4.3) | 43 (30.5) | < 0.001 | 12 (8.5) | 43 (30.9) | < 0.001 | 49 (34.8) |
| Change in household income during COVID-19 | p = 0.029‡ | ||||||
| Increase | 1 (2.8) | 8 (22.2) | 0.084 | 0 (0.0) | 10 (28.6) | - | 13 (36.1) |
| Decrease | 39 (6.6) | 204 (34.2) | < 0.001 | 59 (9.9) | 172 (29.3) | < 0.001 | 263 (44.1) |
| Stable | 12 (3.0) | 93 (22.7) | < 0.001 | 41 (10.0) | 84 (20.7) | 0.002 | 148 (36.1) |
| Anyone in household goes out for work | p = 0.028‡ | ||||||
| Yes | 40 (4.9) | 245 (29.5) | < 0.001 | 83 (10.0) | 215 (26.2) | < 0.001 | 351 (42.2) |
| No | 12 (5.7) | 60 (28.4) | < 0.001 | 17 (8.1) | 51 (24.6) | < 0.001 | 73 (34.6) |
| Child’s sex | p = 0.870‡ | ||||||
| Male | 28 (5.4) | 157 (29.8) | < 0.001 | 44 (8.3) | 148 (28.5) | < 0.001 | 223 (42.3) |
| Female | 24 (4.7) | 148 (28.7) | < 0.001 | 56 (10.9) | 118 (23.2) | < 0.001 | 201 (39.0) |
| Child’s age (tertile), months | p = 0.280‡ | ||||||
| 1st (4.5-9.3) | 13 (3.8) | 97 (28.0) | < 0.001 | 13 (3.7) | 78 (22.7) | < 0.001 | 153 (44.1) |
| 2nd (9.4-13.6) | 16 (4.7) | 105 (30.3) | < 0.001 | 25 (7.2) | 106 (30.7) | < 0.001 | 143 (41.2) |
| 3rd (13.7-18.6) | 23 (6.8) | 103 (29.8) | < 0.001 | 62 (18.0) | 82 (24.2) | 0.290 | 128 (37.0) |
Data presented as n (%).
COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019.
*
Moderate/severe stress using the Impact of Event Scale (IES) was not evaluated at baseline.
†
p-values for mixed-effects models comparing mental health variables at baseline and the WebCovid-19 follow-up, in each category of all exposure variables, weighted using propensity score.
‡
p-value for Wald test of proportion comparisons weighted using propensity score.