Table 1. Scores for risk stratification in patients admitted for acute heart failure in the general and in the elderly population (integrated from Collins, et al.[147]).
| Year | N | Age | Variables | Outcome | |
| ACE-I: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CO2: carbon dioxide; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; EHMRG: Emergency Heart Failure Mortality Risk Grade; EKG: electrocardiogram; HF-TR: Patient Journey in Hospital with Heart Failure in Turkish Population; ICU: intensive care unit; MEESSI: Multiple Estimation of risk based on the Emergency department Spanish Score in patients with AHF; NYHA: New York Heart Association; OHFRS: Ottawa Heart Failure Risk Scale; SaO2: oxygen saturation; SENIORS: Study of the Effects of Nebivolol Intervention on Outcomes and Rehospitalisation in Seniors with Heart Failure; STRATIFY: Improving Heart Failure Risk Stratification in the emergency department; TIA: transient ischemic attack. *Validation cohort. | |||||
| General population | |||||
| Collins, et al.[114] STRATIFY |
2015 | 1033 | 64.0 (53−75) | Demographics: age, BMI
History: ACE-I use, supplemental oxygen use, dialysis Presentation: diastolic BP, respiratory rate, SaO2 Lab: natriuretic peptides, BUN, Sodium, Troponin EKG: QRS duration |
5- and 30-day hierarchical adverse events |
| Miro, et al.[27] MEESSI |
2018 | 4897 | 79.7 | Demographics: age
Presentation: NYHA class at admission, respiratory rate, SaO2, systolic BP, low-output symptoms, ACS Lab: natriuretic peptides, potassium, troponin, creatinine EKG: hypertrophy Other: Barthel index at admission |
30-day mortality |
| Stiell, et al.[28] OHFRS |
2017 | 1100 | 77.7 ±10.7 | History: stroke or TIA, intubation for respiratory distress
Presentation: tachycardia, low room air SaO2 Lab: urea, serum CO2, Troponin I or T, natriuretic peptides EKG: acute ischemic changes Other: desaturation or tachycardia during walk test or too ill to walk |
30-day serious adverse events |
| Lee, et al.[26] EHMRG |
2018 | 1983* | 81.0 (71−87) | Demographics: age
History: active cancer, metolazone use Presentation: arrival by ambulance, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, SaO2 Lab: potassium, creatinine, troponin EKG: ST depression on 12-lead |
7- and 30-day mortality |
| Elderly population | |||||
| Manzano, et al.[30] SENIORS |
2011 | 728* | 76.1 ± 4.6* | Demographics: BMI
History: prior myocardial infarction Presentation: NYHA class Lab: uric acid Echocardiography: left atrial dimension |
Time to first cardiovascular hospitalisation or all-cause mortality (21 months follow-up) |
| Jia, et al.[29] | 2017 | 729* | 75.4 ± 5.1* | Presentation: heart rate
Lab: pH, eGFR, natriuretic peptides Echocardiography: left ventricular ejection fraction |
In-hospital mortality |
| Gök, et al.[31] HF-TR |
2020 | 346* | 74.9 ± 6.9* | Demographics: age
Presentation: uncontrolled hypertension Lab: anaemia Others: Inotrope use, haemodialysis/ultrafiltration, length of ICU stay |
In-hospital mortality |