Table 3.

Summary of societies’ positions on the influence of coffee consumption on arterial hypertension, CVD, and overall health. BP blood pressure, CVD cardiovascular disease

Scientific society	Specific comment on effects on BP or CVD	References
International Society of Hypertension (2020)	➢ Moderate consumption of coffee is a healthy drink	[67]
Polish Society of Hypertension (2019)	➢ Available research evidence, mostly of observational nature, does not indicate a higher risk of hypertension development or higher blood pressure values in people who regularly drink coffee	[68–70]
European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology (2018)	➢ Caffeine has been shown to have an acute pressor effect ➢ Coffee consumption is associated with cardiovascular benefits	[71]
American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and American Society of Hypertension (2017)	➢ Coffee use in patients with hypertension is associated with acute increases in BP ➢ Long-term use of coffee is not associated with increased blood pressure or cardiovascular disease	[72]