Fig. 1. The maximum specific growth rate (h⁻¹) at different glucose uptake rates (mmol gDW⁻¹ h⁻¹).

a The models with thermodynamic constraints are compared against FBA. b The models without thermodynamic constraints are compared against FBA. The results are shown for ETFL models with constant (E[T]FL.cb) and variable (E[T]FL.vb) biomass composition. While using FBA, no maximum growth rate was observed, all ETFL models predicted a maximum for the growth rate, even in the presence of excessive substrate. The experimental data were taken from van Hoek et al.²⁷.