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. 2021 Aug 9;12:4790. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25158-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a EFL.cb, b ETFL.cb, c EFL.vb, and d ETFL.vb models. In all cases, after a critical growth rate (0.35–0.39 h⁻¹ for different models), ethanol secretion was observed. Also, a shift in the fluxes of carbon dioxide production and oxygen consumption emerged, which indicated the shift of the organism from pure respiration to a combination of respiration and fermentation. The experimental data were taken from van Hoek et al.²⁷.