Table 1.
Characteristics of all included studies.
| Authorref | Country | Setting | Follow-up timepoint mean | Population | Sample size (n) | Age mean (SD)/range | Sex % male | Outcomes | Term used to refer to long-term effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andrews11 | UK, Italy | Multicenter, validated survey | 52 days | Mild to moderate health care workers | 114 | Median 38 | 24.6 | Hyposmia, anosmia, hypogeusia, ageusia, dysgeusia | NR |
| Carfì12 | Italy | Single center, clinical and survey | 60 days | Hospitalized | 143 | 56.5 (19–84) | 63 | Fatigue, dyspnea, joint pain, chest pain, cough, anosmia, Sicca syndrome, Rhinitis, red eyes, dysgeusia, headache, sputum, lack of appetite, sore throat, vertigo, myalgia, diarrhea |
Persistent symptoms Post-acute COVID-19 |
| Carvalho-Schneider13 | France | University hospital, phone survey | 60 days | Mild, moderate, and severe | 150 | 49 (44–64) | 44 | Weight loss > 5%, severe dyspnea or asthenia, asthenia, chest pain, palpitations, anosmia/ageusia, headache, cutaneous signs, arthralgia, myalgia, digestive disorders, fever, sick leave | Symptom persistence |
| Chopra14 | USA | Multicenter, medical records | 60 days | Hospitalized, and ICU | 488 | 62 | 51.8 | Persistent symptoms and New symptoms: Anosmia, dysgeusia, cough, shortness of breath/chest tightness/wheezing, chest problems, breathlessness, oxygen use, new use of CPAP or another breathing machine when asleep emotional impact (50%) and (financial impact) | Long term sequelae |
| Galvan-Tejada15 | Mexico | Questionnaire in 3 cities, survey | 31 days | NA | 141 | 39 | 49 | Chills, dyspnea, anosmia, dysgeusia, nausea or vomiting, cough, red eyes | Persistent symptoms |
| Garrigues16 | France | Single center, validated surveys | 110 days | Hospitalized and ICU | 120 | 63.2 | 62.5 | Cough, chest pain, fatigue, dyspnea, ageusia, anosmia, hair loss, attention disorder, memory loss, sleep disorder | Post-discharge symptoms |
| Horvath17 | Australia | Health database, survey | 83 days | Mild, moderate | 102 | 45 (17–87) | 40 | Anosmia, ageusia, hyposmia, hypogeusia | Post-recovery |
| Kamal18 | Egypt | General population, survey | NR |
80% mild 15% moderate 5% severe ICU |
287 | 32.3 (20–60) | 35.9 | Fatigue, anxiety, joints pain, continuous headache, chest pain, dementia, depression. Dyspnea, blurred vision, tinnitus, intermittent fever, obsessive–compulsive disorder, pulmonary fibrosis, diabetes mellitus, migraine, stroke, renal failure, myocarditis, arrhythmia | Post- COVID-19 manifestations |
| Mandal19 | UK | 3 hospitals, survey | Median 54 days |
59% oxygen 14.5% ICU 7.1% intubation 26% mild 41% moderate 30% severe |
384 | 59.9 (± 16.1) | 62 | Breathlessness, cough, fatigue, depression, elevated D-dimer, elevated C reactive protein, abnormal chest radiograph, poor sleep quality | Long-COVID |
| Munro20 | UK | University hospitals, clinical | 8 weeks | Hospitalized | 121 | 64 (44–82) | 87.5 | Changes in hearing, tinnitus | Persistent |
| Sonnweber21 | Austria | Multicenter, clinical and laboratory | 100 days |
75% Hospitalized 50% oxygen 25% outpatient Mild (N = 36), moderate (N = 37), severe (N = 40), critical (N = 32) |
145 and 135 | 57 (50–70) | 55 | Dyspnea, cough, fever, diarrhea, vomiting, pain, night sweat, sleep disorder, hyposmia/anosmia, reduced lung diffusing capacity, CT lung abnormalities, CRP, IL-6, PCT, D-dimer, nt-PRObnp, serum ferritin |
Persistent symptoms Long-term sequelae |
| Taquet22 | USA | Electronic health records, electronic health records | Range 14–90 days | No previous history of psychiatric disorders | 44,779 | 49.3 (19.2) | 45.1 | New: psychiatric illness disorders psychotic, insomnia, mood disorders (depressive episodes), anxiety disorders (PTSD, panic disorder, adjustment disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder) | COVID-19 sequela |
| Tenforde3 | USA | CDC multistate telephone interview nationwide, survey | Range 14–21 days | Symptomatic outpatient | 270 | 18–50 | 48 | Vomiting, confusion, abdominal pain, chest pain, sore throat, nausea, dyspnea, congestion, diarrhea, loss of smell, loss of taste, chills, fever, body aches, headache, cough, fatigue |
Prolonged symptoms Prolonged illness |
| Townsend23 | Ireland | Outpatient clinic, validated survey | Range 56 days–12 weeks | Mild, moderate symptomatic, outpatient, and 55.5% hospital | 128 | 49.5 | 46.1 | Fatigue (only symptoms studied) | Persistent fatigue |
| Xiong24 | China | Single center, survey | 97 days | Hospitalized | 538 | 52 (41–62) | 45.5 | General symptoms, physical decline/fatigue, post-activity polypnoea, respiratory, cardiovascular, psychosocial, alopecia | Clinical sequelae |
NR not reported.