Table 2.
Long-term effects in PASC patients.
| Studies | Cases | Sample size | Prevalence % (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical manifestations | ||||
| 1 or > symptoms | 7 | 1403 | 1915 | 80 (65–92) |
| Fatigue | 7 | 1042 | 1892 | 58 (42–73) |
| Headache | 2 | 261 | 579 | 44 (13–78) |
| Attention disorder | 1 | 32 | 120 | 27 (19–36) |
| Hair loss | 2 | 178 | 658 | 25 (17–34) |
| Dyspnea | 9 | 584 | 2130 | 24 (14–36) |
| Ageusia | 4 | 108 | 466 | 23 (14–33) |
| Anosmia | 6 | 210 | 1110 | 21 (12–32) |
| Post-activity polypnea | 1 | 115 | 538 | 21 (18–25) |
| Joint pain | 4 | 191 | 1098 | 19 (7–34) |
| Cough | 7 | 465 | 2108 | 19 (7–34) |
| Sweat | 2 | 144 | 638 | 17 (6–30) |
| Nausea or vomit | 1 | 22 | 141 | 16 (10–23) |
| Chest pain/discomfort | 6 | 264 | 1706 | 16 (10–22) |
| Memory loss | 3 | 320 | 45,186 | 16 (0–55) |
| Hearing loss or tinnitus | 2 | 64 | 425 | 15 (10–20) |
| Anxiety | 4 | 2288 | 45,896 | 13 (3–26) |
| Depression | 4 | 182 | 1501 | 12 (3–23) |
| Digestive disorders | 1 | 15 | 130 | 12 (7–18) |
| Weight loss | 1 | 15 | 130 | 12 (7–18) |
| Cutaneous signs | 1 | 15 | 130 | 12 (7–18) |
| Resting heart rate increase | 1 | 60 | 538 | 11 (9–14) |
| Palpitations | 1 | 14 | 130 | 11 (6–17) |
| General pain | 1 | 17 | 145 | 11 (7–18) |
| Intermittent fever | 1 | 32 | 287 | 11 (8–15) |
| Sleep disorder | 5 | 1036 | 46,070 | 11 (3–24) |
| Reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity | 1 | 14 | 145 | 10 (6–16) |
| Sleep apnea | 1 | 34 | 404 | 8 (6–12) |
| Chills | 2 | 44 | 679 | 7 (1–18) |
| Health care related mental health | 1 | 28 | 404 | 7 (5–10) |
| Psychiatric illness | 1 | 2597 | 44,779 | 6 (6–6) |
| Red eyes | 1 | 8 | 141 | 6 (3–11) |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | 1 | 14 | 287 | 5 (3–8) |
| Discontinuous flushing | 1 | 26 | 538 | 5 (3–7) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1 | 12 | 287 | 4 (2–7) |
| Sputum | 1 | 16 | 538 | 3 (2–5) |
| Limb edema | 1 | 14 | 538 | 3 (1–4) |
| Dizziness | 1 | 14 | 538 | 3 (1–4) |
| Stroke | 1 | 8 | 287 | 3 (1–5) |
| Throat pain | 1 | 17 | 538 | 3 (2–5) |
| Mood disorders | 1 | 896 | 44,779 | 2 (2–2) |
| Dysphoria | 1 | 9 | 538 | 2 (1–3) |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) | 2 | 15 | 579 | 2 (0–8) |
| New hypertension | 1 | 7 | 538 | 1 (1–3) |
| Myocarditis | 1 | 4 | 287 | 1 (0–4) |
| Renal failure | 1 | 4 | 287 | 1 (0–4) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | 1 | 2 | 292 | 1 (0–2) |
| Arrythmia | 1 | 1 | 287 | 0.4 (0–2) |
| Paranoia | 1 | 1 | 292 | 0.3 (0–2) |
| Lab tests and other examinations | ||||
| Abnormal chest X-ray/CT | 2 | 188 | 529 | 34 (27–42) |
| Elevated D-dimer | 2 | 134 | 529 | 20 (6–39) |
| Elevated NT-proBNP | 1 | 16 | 145 | 11 (6–17) |
| Elevated C-reactive protein | 2 | 44 | 529 | 8 (5–12) |
| Elevated serum ferritin | 1 | 12 | 145 | 8 (4–14) |
| Elevated procalcitonin | 1 | 6 | 145 | 4 (2–9) |
| Elevated IL-6 | 1 | 4 | 145 | 3 (1–7) |
Random effects weighted by quality effects model MetaXL for 2 or more studiesC-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), D-dimer, NT-proBNP, serum ferritin, N-terminal (NT)-pro hormone BNP (NT-proBNP).