Table 1.
Characteristics of participants at the Year 25 Exam by category of time-averaged low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol.
| Time-averaged LDL-C levels over follow-up, mg/dL | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 (n=519) |
100 – 129 (n=1,094) |
130-159 (n=961) |
≥ 160 (n=754) |
p-trend | |
| Age, mean (SD) | 46.9 (3.2) | 49.2 (3.5) | 51.1 (3.1) | 52.6 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 325 (62.6%) | 659 (60.2%) | 520 (54.1%) | 371 (49.2%) | <0.001 |
| Black, % | 302 (58.2%) | 496 (45.3%) | 390 (40.6%) | 339 (45.0%) | <0.001 |
| Education > 12 years, % | 377 (72.6%) | 855 (78.2%) | 766 (79.7%) | 595 (78.9%) | 0.01 |
| Current Smoking, % | 114 (22.0%) | 183 (16.7%) | 139 (14.5%) | 107 (14.2%) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use, % | |||||
| Heavy | 82 (15.8%) | 152 (13.9%) | 135 (14.0%) | 100 (13.3%) | 0.80 |
| Moderate | 217 (41.8%) | 447 (40.9%) | 397 (41.3%) | 301 (39.9%) | |
| Never | 220 (42.4%) | 492 (45.0%) | 427 (44.4%) | 352 (46.7%) | |
| Total physical activity, mean (SD) in exercise units |
338 (283.5) | 348.8 (270.1) | 334.7 (280.7) | 338.9 (271.5) | 0.60 |
| BMI category, kg/m2, % | |||||
| < 25 | 66 (12.7%) | 121 (11.1%) | 115 (12.0%) | 116 (15.4%) | 0.10 |
| 25-29.9 | 446 (85.9%) | 965 (88.2%) | 833 (86.7%) | 629 (83.4%) | |
| ≥ 30 | 7 (1.3%) | 7 (0.6%) | 11 (1.1%) | 9 (1.2%) | |
| Total cholesterol | 162.1 (27.0) | 184.3 (26.8) | 197.7 (32.6) | 216.9 (41.0) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C | 62.6 (21.5) | 58.9 (18.0) | 56.8 (16.5) | 54.8 (15.9) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides | 94.2 (70.7) | 110.0 (88.5) | 115.4 (71.8) | 132.3 (106.4) | <0.001 |
| CES-D ≥ 16, % | 102 (19.7%) | 188 (17.2%) | 145 (15.1%) | 124 (16.4%) | 0.10 |
| History of illicit drug use, % | 350 (67.4%) | 753 (68.8%) | 706 (73.5%) | 555 (73.6%) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes, % | 50 (9.6%) | 124 (11.3%) | 114 (11.9%) | 123 (16.3%) | <0.001 |
| History of CHD*, % | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (0.8%) | 16 (1.7%) | 26 (3.4%) | <0.001 |
| History of stroke/TIA*, % | 2 (0.4%) | 10 (0.9%) | 6 (0.6%) | 14 (1.9%) | 0.02 |
| eGFR ≤ 60 ml/min/1.73m2, % | 8 (1.5%) | 13 (1.2%) | 19 (2.0%) | 15 (2.0%) | 0.24 |
| SBP, mean (SD) | 117.4 (15.8) | 118.8 (16.4) | 120.1 (15.8) | 121.0 (15.8) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mean (SD) | 73.8 (11.4) | 74.3 (11.8) | 75.0 (10.7) | 75.5 (10.6) | 0.003 |
| Antihypertensive medication use, % | 116 (22.4%) | 236 (21.6%) | 277 (28.8%) | 258 (34.2%) | <0.001 |
| Statin Use, % | 13 (2.5%) | 63 (5.8%) | 146 (15.2%) | 219 (29.0%) | <0.001 |
| Other Lipid Lowering Medication, % | 3 (0.6%) | 16 (1.5%) | 30 (3.1%) | 26 (3.4%) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressant medication use, % | 56 (10.8%) | 124 (11.3%) | 121 (12.6%) | 98 (13%) | 0.14 |
| PCSK9 LOF variant carrier†, % | 32 (6.2%) | 28 (2.6%) | 21 (2.2%) | 5 (0.7%) | <0.001 |
| Apolipoprotein E phenotypes‡, % | |||||
| E2 | 156 (30.1%) | 156 (14.3%) | 90 (9.4%) | 38 (5.0%) | <0.001 |
| E3 | 200 (38.5%) | 554 (50.6%) | 486 (50.6%) | 373 (49.5%) | |
| E4 | 90 (17.3%) | 259 (23.7%) | 269 (28.0%) | 248 (32.9%) | |
| Unknown | 73 (14.1%) | 125 (11.4%) | 116 (12.1%) | 95 (12.6%) | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CARDIA, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CES-D, Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; CHD, coronary heart disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LOF, loss of function; PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TIA, transient ischemic attack
Numbers in table are n(%) unless noted otherwise.
History of CHD and History of Stroke/TIA determined by adjudicated events prior to Year 25 examination
Obtained at year 20 follow-up (2005-2006)
Obtained at year 7 follow-up (1992-1993)