Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 18 participating patients.
| All | Intervention | Control | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 18 | n = 8 | n = 10 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 68 ± 10 | 67 ± 5 | 70 ± 13 |
| Male, n | 17 (94) | 8 (100) | 9 (90) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 24 ± 3 |
| Smoking | |||
| Never smoke, n | 9 (50) | 5 (63) | 4 (40) |
| Previous smoker, n | 7 (39) | 2 (25) | 5 (50) |
| Current smoker, n | 2 (11) | 1 (13) | 1 (10) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married, n | 17 (94) | 8 (100) | 9 (90) |
| Widowed, n | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) |
| Education | |||
| Primary or less, n | 6 (33) | 3 (38) | 3 (30) |
| High school or above, n | 12 (67) | 5 (62) | 7 (70) |
| NYHA class | |||
| NYHAII, n | 9 (50) | 5 (63) | 4 (40) |
| NYHAIII, n | 9 (50) | 3 (38) | 6 (60) |
| LVEF class | |||
| HFrEF (EF <40%), n | 9 (50) | 5 (63) | 4 (40) |
| HFmrEF (EF 40–49%), n | 4 (22) | 0 (0) | 4 (40) |
| HFpEF (EF ≥ 50), n | 5 (28) | 3 (38) | 2 (20) |
| Cardiac interventional procedure/surgical treatment | |||
| PCI, n | 11 (61) | 6 (75) | 5 (50) |
| Pacemaker, n | 4 (22) | 1 (13) | 3 (30) |
| ICD, n | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) |
| CRT/CRT-D, n | 1 (6) | 0 (0) | 1 (10) |
| Valvular surgery, n | 1 (6) | 1 (13) | 0 (0) |
| Repairment of V-/A-septal | 1 (6) | 1 (13) | 0 (0) |
| defect, n | |||
| Comorbidity | |||
| Average comorbidities per patient, mean | 4 ± 2 | 5 ± 2 | 3 ± 1 |
| Coronary heart diseases, n | 13 (72) | 8 (100) | 5 (50) |
| Hypertension, n | 11 (61) | 6 (75) | 5 (50) |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter, n | 6 (33) | 3 (38) | 3 (30) |
| Myocardial infarction, n | 3 (17) | 2 (25) | 1 (10) |
| Stroke (Ischemic), n | 2 (11) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) |
| Hyperlipoidemia, n | 5 (28) | 3 (38) | 2 (20) |
| Type2-Diabetes, n | 11 (61) | 5 (63) | 6 (60) |
| Hyperuricemia, n | 11 (61) | 5 (63) | 6 (60) |
| COPD/Asthma, n | 1 (6) | 1 (13) | 0 (0) |
| Current cardiac relevant medications | |||
| ACEI/ARB, n | 17 (94) | 7 (88) | 10 (100) |
| Beta-blockers, n | 16 (89) | 8 (100) | 8 (80) |
| Aldosterone blockades, n | 16 (89) | 7 (88) | 9 (90) |
| Statins, n | 16 (89) | 8 (100) | 8 (80) |
| Platelet anti-aggregants, n | 14 (78) | 8 (100) | 6 (60) |
| Diuretics, n | 10 (56) | 3 (38) | 7 (70) |
| Digoxin, n | 5 (28) | 3 (38) | 2 (20) |
| Calcium antagonists, n | 4 (22) | 1 (13) | 3 (30) |
| Anticoagulant, n | 3 (17) | 0 (0) | 3 (30) |
Results are presented as mean ± SD or n (%).
BMI, Body Mass Index; NYHA, New York Heart Association; EF, ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF, heart failure with mid-range of ejection fraction; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillators; CRT/CRT-D, cardiac resynchronization therapy/with defibrillator; V-/A-, ventricular-or atrial-; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blocker.