Table 2.
Clinical outcomes in each group and between-group comparison (n = 18).
| Outcomes | Control | Intervention | P -valuee | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6th week | Baseline | 6th week | ||
| 1. CPX parameters | |||||
| Exercise test time, seconds | 399 (309.8, 408.3) | 329 (253, 419) | 501 (400.8, 538.5) | 404 (387, 488) | 0.902 |
| Wordload, watt | 66 (53.3, 77.8) | 70 (53, 85) | 82.5 (65.8, 89.3) | 82 (80, 85) | 1 |
| RER | 55.5 (43.7, 59.5) | 52.2 (40.3, 67.1) | 60 (53.5, 68) | 62.6 (62, 65.4) | 1 |
| VO2at, mL/kg/mina | 1 (1, 1.1) | 1.1 (1, 1.3) | 1.1 (1, 1.2) | 1.1 (1, 1.2) | 0.165 |
| VO2peak, mL/kg/mina | 10.9 (8.9, 14.1) | 9.7 (6.1, 11.6)c | 12.9 (11, 13.6) | 11 (10.3, 12.1) | 0.128 |
| VO2peak %pred, %a | 14.3 (10.2, 17.4) | 13.6 (8.6, 15.2)c | 15.9 (15.1, 16.8) | 14.3 (13.6, 16.4) | 0.295 |
| HRR, bpma | 54.4 (49.4, 62.2) | 47.6 (30.7, 51.7)c | 59.2 (56, 62.6) | 59.2 (50.6, 61.1) | 0.128 |
| Peak O2 pulse, mL/beata | 29.5 (14.5, 42.5) | 25 (11, 34) | 35 (25.3, 47) | 26 (16, 40) | 0.097 |
| VE/VCO2, slopeb | 8.1 (7, 10) | 7 (6.4, 9)c | 8.9 (7.6, 10.7) | 10 (7.7, 11.1) | 0.805 |
| dVO2/dWR, mL/min/Wa | 32.7 (29.1, 41.2) | 36.7 (33.3, 42.9)c | 32.9 (24.3, 35.9) | 33.6 (28.2, 35.4) | 0.073 |
| FEV1 %pred, %a | 7.4 (6.3, 8) | 8.3 (4, 8.8) | 7 (5.5, 8.7) | 10.3 (9.4, 11.4)d | 0.165 |
| MVV %pred, %a | 71 (60.8, 83.3) | 68 (56, 87) | 74 (54.5, 85) | 78 (63, 82) | 0.053 |
| 2. Self-efficacy for exercise | |||||
| SEEa | 3.9 (3.1, 6.6) | 4.3 (2.7, 5.1) | 3.5 (1, 6.8) | 7.2 (4, 9.9)c, d | 0.04 |
| 3. Echocardiography | |||||
| LVEF, %a | 41 (35, 47.8) | 36.5 (34, 39.5) | 34.5 (30.5, 50) | 45 (36, 53) | 0.281 |
| FS, %a | 24 (19.5, 30) | 19 (17, 22.5) | 21 (17.3, 28.8) | 27 (18, 29)d | 0.04 |
| SV, mL/bita | 80 (64, 83.5) | 82.5 (63.8, 92.8) | 66 (57.8, 86.8) | 83 (70, 97) | 0.165 |
| LVEDD, mma | 60 (51.8, 63.5) | 64 (59, 67.5) | 60 (49.5, 70) | 59 (51, 67) | 0.281 |
| PASP, mmHgb | 31 (19, 45) | 26 (20.3, 36.5) | 31 (25.8, 43.8) | 27 (25, 32) | 0.536 |
| 4. Biomarkers | |||||
| NT-proBNP, pg/Lb | 1,177 (717.8, 2351) | 872.9 (489.7, 4191.5) | 1,346 (268.5, 2686.3) | 703 (289, 1062) | 0.397 |
| hsCRP, mg/Lb | 5.4 (1.1, 10.8) | 6.2 (1.8, 15.9) | 2.4 (0.5, 5.7) | 1.6 (1, 4.4) | 0.694 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/Lb | 4.3 (3, 4.6) | 3.7 (3.3, 4.2) | 4.2 (3.5, 4.4) | 4.1 (3.6, 4.7) | 0.072 |
| LDL-C, mmol/Lb | 2.4 (1.7, 3) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.7) | 2.4 (2.2, 2.9) | 2.7 (1.9, 3) | 0.336 |
| HDL-C, mmol/La | 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 1 (1, 1.2) | 1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.152 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/Lb | 1.3 (0.6, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.2) | 1.2 (1, 1.7) | 0.536 |
| Hemoglobin, g/La | 130.5 (124.3, 141.8) | 137 (127, 147)c | 134 (125.5, 142) | 135 (131, 142) | 0.731 |
| 5. Exercise performance | |||||
| Timed-Up and Go, secondsb | 8.1 (6.5, 10.8) | 8.6 (7.8, 10.7)c | 7.1 (6.6, 9.8) | 7.7 (6.9, 8.7) | 0.094 |
| Left-hand grip strength, kga | 28.6 (20.8, 35.5) | 28.7 (22, 37.3) | 29.7 (23.5, 32.2) | 31.2 (26.1, 33.1) | 0.536 |
| Right-hand grip strength, kga | 31.8 (22.9, 37.6) | 27.6 (23.9, 35.3) | 29.9 (26.4, 33.1) | 27.4 (23.6, 27.5)c | 0.397 |
| 6. Quality of life | |||||
| MLHFQ total scoreb | 20.5 (13.8, 65.5) | 16.5 (3.3, 23.5) | 12.5 (5.5, 31.8) | 12 (1, 26) | 0.779 |
| EQ-5D-VAS scorea | 80 (73.8, 90) | 86.5 (80, 98.8) | 85 (64.8, 93.8) | 75 (70, 100) | 0.232 |
| 7. Depression and anxiety status | |||||
| HADS-anxiety scoreb | 1.5 (1, 7) | 1 (1, 3) | 0.5 (0, 3) | 1 (0, 6) | 0.867 |
| HADS-depression scoreb | 1 (1, 3) | 2.5 (1, 5.5) | 1 (0, 6) | 0 (0, 1) | 0.072 |
Continuous data are summarized as median and interquartile range (IQR).
CPX, cardiopulmonary exercise test; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; METs, metabolic equivalents; VO2at, oxygen uptake at AT; VO2peak, peak oxygen uptake; HRR, heart rate reserve 1 min post exercise; VE/VCO2, minute ventilation-carbon dioxide production; dVO2/dWR, the rate of increase in VO2 relative to work rate;FEV1 %pred, percentage of predicted value of forced expiratory volume in 1 min; MVV %pred, percentage of predicted value of maximum voluntary ventilation; LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; SV, stroke volume; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; PASP, pulmonary artery systolic pressure; NT-proBNP, N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MLHFQ, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire; EQ-5D-VAS, EQ-5D-visual analog scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SEE, Self-efficacy for exercise questionnaire.
Higher value more favorable.
Lower value more favorable.
p < 0.05, refers to the comparison with baseline using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.
p < 0.05, refers to the comparison with the control group using Mann–Whitney U test at the 6th week.
Comparison was conducted for the change from baseline to the 6th week in the intervention group vs. control group was conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test.