Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Body Mass Index-Metabolic Status Phenotypes
| Variables | Metabolically Healthy (N=2080) | Metabolically Unhealthy (N=1561) | F/χ2/H | P a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Weight | Overweight | Obesity | Normal Weight | Overweight | Obesity | |||
| n=1040 | n=845 | n=195 | n=253 | n=783 | n=525 | |||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age (y), n (%) | ||||||||
| (mean±SD) | 50.85±9.52 | 50.98±8.77 | 49.60±9.35▲ | 53.63±7.90* | 52.91±7.58* | 51.99±8.49 | 10.98 | <0.001 |
| <50 | 421 (40.48) | 347 (41.07) | 83 (42.56) | 71 (28.06)* | 243 (31.03)* | 183 (34.86) | 43.89 | <0.001 |
| 50–59 | 382 (36.73) | 318 (37.63) | 82 (42.05) | 108 (42.69)* | 357 (45.59)* | 221 (42.10) | ||
| ≥60 | 237 (22.79) | 180 (21.30) | 30 (15.38) | 74 (29.25)* | 183 (23.37)* | 121 (23.05) | ||
| Gender, n (%) | ||||||||
| Male | 380 (36.54) | 347 (41.07) | 81 (41.54) | 73 (28.85)▲ | 284 (36.27) | 208 (39.62) | 15.83 | 0.007 |
| Female | 660 (63.46) | 498 (58.93) | 114 (58.46) | 180 (71.15)▲ | 499 (63.73) | 317 (60.38) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | ||||||||
| Junior high school or below | 884 (85.00) | 717 (84.85) | 156 (80.00) | 219 (86.56) | 685 (87.48) | 450 (85.71) | 7.95 | 0.160 |
| Senior high school or above | 156 (15.00) | 128 (15.15) | 39 (20.00) | 34 (13.44) | 98 (12.52) | 75 (14.29) | ||
| Drug history, n (%) b | ||||||||
| No | 734 (70.58)▲ | 568 (67.22)▲ | 122 (62.56)▲ | 152 (60.08)*▲ | 448 (57.22)*▲ | 243 (46.29)* | 140.36 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 257 (24.71)▲ | 234 (27.69)▲ | 64 (32.82)▲ | 89 (35.18)*▲ | 314 (40.10)*▲ | 268 (51.05)* | ||
| Unclear | 49 (4.71)▲ | 43 (5.09)▲ | 9 (4.62)▲ | 12 (4.74)*▲ | 21 (2.68)*▲ | 14 (2.67)* | ||
| History of chronic disease, n (%) c | ||||||||
| No | 709 (68.17)▲ | 535 (63.31)▲ | 107 (54.87)* | 154 (60.87)▲ | 401 (51.21)* | 234 (44.57)* | 108.97 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 331 (31.83)▲ | 310 (36.69)▲ | 88 (45.13)* | 99 (39.13)▲ | 382 (48.79)* | 291 (55.43)* | ||
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | ||||||||
| No | 830 (79.81) | 659 (77.99) | 155 (79.49) | 203 (80.24) | 611 (78.03) | 414 (78.86) | 8.83 | 0.548 |
| Yes | 161 (15.48) | 151 (17.87) | 29 (14.87) | 42 (16.60) | 137 (17.50) | 97 (18.48) | ||
| Unclear | 49 (4.71) | 35 (4.14) | 11 (5.64) | 8 (3.16) | 35 (4.47) | 14 (2.67) | ||
| Behavioral characteristics | ||||||||
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 785 (75.48) | 637 (75.38) | 142 (72.82) | 203 (80.24) | 623 (79.57) | 404 (76.95) | 8.72 | 0.121 |
| Ever | 255 (24.52) | 208 (24.62) | 53 (27.18) | 50 (19.76) | 160 (20.43) | 121 (23.05) | ||
| Drinking status, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 790 (75.96) | 617 (73.02) | 144 (73.85) | 205 (81.03) | 558 (71.26) | 394 (75.05) | 12.19 | 0.032 |
| Ever | 250 (24.04) | 228 (26.98) | 51 (26.15) | 48 (18.97) | 225 (28.74) | 131 (24.95) | ||
| Regular physical activity, n (%) | ||||||||
| No | 808 (77.69)▲ | 603 (71.36)* | 142 (72.82) | 192 (75.89) | 553 (70.63)* | 369 (70.29)* | 18.04 | 0.003 |
| Yes | 232 (22.31)▲ | 242 (28.64)* | 53 (27.18) | 61 (24.11) | 230 (29.37)* | 156 (29.71)* | ||
| Anthropometric characteristics | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/cm2) (mean±SD) | 21.93±1.35▲ | 25.67±1.09*▲ | 30.13±2.27*▲ | 22.64±1.06*▲ | 26.07±1.12*▲ | 30.55±2.56* | 2797.63 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) (mean±SD) | 127.91±18.74▲ | 130.54±17.21*▲ | 131.82±19.01▲ | 139.84±17.49*▲ | 141.33±17.51* | 144.10±17.86* | 94.29 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) (mean±SD) | 78.37±10.80▲ | 80.39±10.53*▲ | 82.03±12.81*▲ | 84.28±10.78*▲ | 85.97±10.60* | 87.70±10.48* | 79.36 | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) d | ||||||||
| (mean±SD) | 77.16±6.72▲ | 84.37±6.70*▲ | 91.03±8.59*▲ | 83.04±6.17*▲ | 88.09±6.31*▲ | 95.47±8.10* | 572.77 | <0.001 |
| Normal | 902 (86.73)▲ | 479 (56.69)*▲ | 55 (28.21)*▲ | 101 (39.92)*▲ | 159 (20.31)*▲ | 39 (7.43)* | 1300.00 | <0.001 |
| Non-standard | 138 (13.27)▲ | 366 (43.31)*▲ | 140 (71.79)*▲ | 152 (60.08)*▲ | 624 (79.69)*▲ | 486 (92.57)* | ||
| Waist-to-height ratio e | ||||||||
| <0.5 | 673 (64.71)▲ | 179 (21.18)*▲ | 17 (8.72)*▲ | 71 (28.06)*▲ | 57 (7.28)*▲ | 5 (0.95)* | 1100.00 | <0.001 |
| ≥0.5 | 367 (35.29)▲ | 666 (78.82)*▲ | 178 (91.28)*▲ | 182 (71.94)*▲ | 726 (92.72)*▲ | 520 (99.05)* | ||
| Waist-to-hip ratio f | ||||||||
| Normal | 626 (60.19)▲ | 311 (36.80)*▲ | 50 (25.64)*▲ | 69 (27.27)*▲ | 118 (15.07)* | 54 (10.29)* | 590.89 | <0.001 |
| Non-standard | 414 (39.81)▲ | 534 (63.20)*▲ | 145 (74.36)*▲ | 184 (72.73)*▲ | 665 (84.93)* | 471 (89.71)* | ||
| Biochemical characteristics | ||||||||
| FPG (mmol/L) (mean±SD) | 5.55±0.49▲ | 5.55±0.49▲ | 5.44±0.43*▲ | 5.87±0.47* | 5.85±0.46* | 5.86±0.46* | 81.40 | <0.001 |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) (mean±SD) | 6.44±1.50▲ | 6.56±1.43▲ | 6.79±1.49*▲ | 7.02±1.60*▲ | 7.17±1.57*▲ | 7.71±1.67* | 62.49 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) (mean±SD) | 5.26±0.40▲ | 5.32±0.40*▲ | 5.32±0.39▲ | 5.34±0.43▲ | 5.41±0.39* | 5.45±0.39* | 21.15 | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L) (mean±SD) | 24.88±14.43 | 25.27±15.57 | 27.09±15.46 | 25.38±9.54 | 25.60±12.53 | 26.70±10.40 | 1.85 | 0.099 |
| ALT (U/L) (median, IQR) | 15 (12–21)▲ | 18 (13–25)*▲ | 20 (15–30)* | 17(13–26)*▲ | 20 (15–28)*▲ | 23 (17–33)* | 250.61 | <0.001Ϯ |
| GGT (U/L) (median, IQR) | 13 (9–19)▲ | 15 (11–24)*▲ | 19 (12–30)* | 14 (10–23)*▲ | 18 (12–29)*▲ | 22 (15–35)* | 326.95 | <0.001Ϯ |
| STB (μmol/L) (mean±SD) | 14.97±5.69▲ | 14.33±5.61 | 13.20±4.82* | 14.26±6.42 | 14.29±5.34 | 13.70±5.12* | 5.80 | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) (mean±SD) | 4.68±0.90▲ | 4.75±0.95▲ | 4.72±0.75▲ | 4.87±0.93* | 4.97±0.94* | 5.00±0.98* | 14.46 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) (mean±SD) | 2.47±0.66▲ | 2.63±0.67*▲ | 2.68±0.57* | 2.65±0.66* | 2.72±0.70* | 2.77±0.71* | 18.65 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) (mean±SD) | 1.68±0.36▲ | 1.57±0.31*▲ | 1.50±0.30*▲ | 1.42±0.42* | 1.40±0.37* | 1.38±0.34* | 86.87 | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) (median, IQR) | 0.96 (0.74–1.29)*▲ |
1.12 (0.85–1.44)*▲ |
1.15 (0.91–1.49)*▲ |
1.85 (1.27–2.56)* |
1.92 (1.33–2.65)* |
1.93 (1.33–2.76)* |
1063.16 | <0.001Ϯ |
Notes: Data was presented as mean±SD (standard deviation) or median (IQR) for continuous variables when appropriate; number (percentage) for categorical variables. ϮThe Kruskal–Wallis H-test was used to examine the differences of ALT, GGT and TG among six body mass index-metabolic status phenotypes because of heterogeneity of variance. *Multiple comparison with Bonferroni-adjusted P-value <0.05 when compared with metabolically healthy normal weight group. ▲Multiple comparison with Bonferroni-adjusted P-value <0.05 when compared with metabolically unhealthy obese group. aχ2 test, One-way analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis H-test was used to examine the difference of six groups (Metabolically healthy normal weight vs Metabolically healthy overweight vs Metabolically healthy obese vs Metabolically unhealthy normal weight vs Metabolically unhealthy overweight vs Metabolically unhealthy obese) when appropriate. bDrugs included antihypertensive agent, antilipemic agent, antithrombotic agent, antineoplastic agent, steroid hormone drugs. cHistory of chronic disease included hypertension, coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, stroke, kidney disease, hepatic diseases, malignant tumor. dWC≤80cm for female or WC≤90cm for male was considered as normal. eWaist-to-height ratio≥0.5 was considered as central obesity. fWaist-to-hip ratio<0.85 for female or Waist-to-hip ratio<0.90 for male was considered as normal.
Abbreviations: y, years; n, number; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; WC, waist circumference; FPG, fasting plasma glucose;2hPG, 2-hour plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated haemoglobin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; GGT, gamma glutamyl transferase; STB, serum total bilirubin; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; IQR, inter-quartile range.