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. 2021 Jul 27;12:696370. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696370

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Copyright © 2021 Wang, Li, Zhou, Wiltse and Zand

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Spike (S)- and nucleocapsid (N)-reactive IgG antibody levels to human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in VAMS blood samples of pre-COVID, convalescents, and post-vaccination subjects. (A) The IgG concentrations (ng/mL) of each S and N-reactive IgG antibodies against HCoVs. The heatmap shows mean concentration (ng/ml) of duplicate samples. (B) Comparison of differences in range of anti-HCoV S- and N- protein IgG between pre-, post-COVID and post-vaccination cohorts. (***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01,*p < 0.05). (C) The broad cross-reactive anti-S IgG antibody concentrations of HCoVs in three cohorts shown in multivariate spider plots, with each axis representing log2 IgG concentrations. (D) Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analysis of the VAMS results.