Table 1.
Characteristics of virtual reality type, intervention, and location of included trials.
| Author/ Year | Participants characteristics | Intervention | Duration of Session | Frequency | Duration of Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aran et al. 201923 | Country: Turkey; N = 90; Mean age 11.1 years old; Type of CP: Hemiplegia | Microsoft Kinect for PC; EG: VR and Traditional Occupational Therapy; CG: Traditional Occupational Therapy | 45 min | 2× week | 10 weeks |
| Arnoni et al. 201924 | Country: Brazil; N = 15; Mean age:(years old) 9.6; Type of CP: Mild spastic hemiplegia | Xbox Kinect; EG: VR and Conventional Rehabilitation; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 45-50 min 45 min | 2× week | 8 weeks |
| Ballester et al. 201925 | Country: Spain; N = 14; Mean age:(years old): 38; Type of CP: Tetraplegia, triplegia, diplegia, and hemiplegia | Rehabilitation Gaming System; EG: VR; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 30 min | 3× week | 4 weeks |
| Okmen et al. 201926 | Country: Turkey; N = 41; Mean age:(years old): 8.5; Type of CP: Quadriplegia, diplegia, triplegia, and hemiplegia | Eye Toy-Play system (Play station 2); EG: VR and Conventional Rehabilitation; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 60 min | 3-5× week | 4 weeks |
| Pin and Butler 201927 | Country: China; N = 18; Mean age:(years old): 9.2; Type of CP: Bilateral spastic | TYMO; EG: VR and Usual Rehabilitation Program; CG: Usual Rehabilitation Program | 20 min | 4× week | 6 weeks |
| Pourazar et al. 201928 | Country: Iran; N = 20; Mean age:(years old): 9.4; Type of CP: Spastic hemiplegia | Xbox Kinect; EG: VR; CG: Common Therapy Program | 85-100 minutes | 5× first two week 3× following week 2× last two week | 6 weeks |
| Author/ Year | Participants characteristics | Intervention | Duration of Session | Frequency | Duration of Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sahin et al. 201930 | Country: Turkey; N = 60; Mean age:(years old): 10.2; Type of CP: Hemiplegia | Microsoft Kinect; EG: VR and Traditional Occupational Rehabilitation; CG: Traditional Occupational Rehabilitation | 45 min | 2× week | 8 weeks |
| Tarakci et al. 201931 | Country: Turkey; N = 30; Mean age:(years old): 11; Type of CP: Spastic and dyskinetic | Leap Motion Controller; EG: VR; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 60 min | 3× week | 8 weeks |
| El-Shamy and El-Banna 201848 | Country: Egypt; N = 40; Mean age:(years old): 9.6; Type of CP: Spastic hemiplegia | Nintendo Wii; EG: VR and Conventional Rehabilitation; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 40-60 min 60 min | 3× week | 12 weeks |
| Sajan et al. 201750 | Country: India; N = 20; Mean age:(years old): 11.5; Type of CP: Diplegic, triplegic, and spastic quadriplegic | Nintendo Wii; EG: VR and Conventional Rehabilitation; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 45 min | 6× week | 3 weeks |
| Gatica-Rojas et al. 201764 | Country: Australia; N = 32; Mean age:(years old): 10.7; Type of CP: Hemiplegia and spastic diplegia | Wii™ balance board; EG: VR; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 30 min 40 min | 3× week | 6 weeks |
| Pourazar et al. 201829 | Country: Iran; N = 30; Mean age:(years old): 11.2; Type of CP: Not defined | Xbox Kinect; EG: VR and Home Physical Activity Program; CG: Physical Activity Program | 25 min | 3× week | 4 weeks |
| Piovesana e al 201769† | Country: Australia; N = 102†; Mean age:(years old): 11.7†; Type of CP: Hemiplegia † | (MiTii)†; EG: VR; CG: Waitlist† | 20-30 min† | 6× week† | 20 weeks† |
| Mitchell et al. 2016 57†† | Country: Australia; N = 101††; Mean age:(years old): 13 ††; Type of CP: Hemiplegia †† | (MiTii)††; EG: VR; CG: Waitlist control group†† | 30 min†† | 6× week†† | 20 weeks†† |
| Author/ Year | Participants characteristics | Intervention | Duration of Session | Frequency | Duration of Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| James et al. 201552††† | Country: Australia; N = 102†††; Mean age:(years old): 11.4 †††; Type of CP: Hemiplegia ††† | (MiTii)†††; EG: VR; CG: Waitlist ††† | 30 min††† | 6× week††† | 20 weeks ††† |
| Atasavun et al. 201663 | Country: Turkey; N = 28; Mean age:(years old): 9.6; Type of CP: Hemiplegic | Wii Sports Resort™; EG: VR and Conventional Rehabilitation; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 30-45 min 45 min | 2-4× week | 12 weeks |
| Urgen et al. 201658 | Country: Turkey; N = 33; Mean age:(years old): 11.2; Type of CP: Spastic hemiplegic | Wii™ Fit; EG: VR; CG: Rehabilitation Program | 45 min | 2× week | 9 weeks |
| Tarakci et al. 2016 62 | Country: Turkey; N = 38; Mean age:(years old): 10.5; Type of CP: Hemiplegic, diplegic, dyskinetic and without description | Wii™ balance board e Wii™ Fit; EG: VR and Conventional Rehabilitation; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 50 min | 2× week | 12 weeks |
| Ren et al. 201654 | Country: China; N = 35; Mean age:(years old): 4.6; Type of CP: Spastic diplegia | Not specified; EG: VR and Occupational Rehabilitation; CG: Conventional and Occupational Rehabilitation | - | - | 3 months |
| Preston et al 201653 | Country: UK; N = 15; Mean age:(years old): 9.2; Type of CP: Not defined | Custom Computer for Rehabilitation; EG: VR/ Botulinum Toxin; CG: Usual Rehabilitation/ Botulinum Toxin | 30 min | Average 14 sessions total | 12 weeks |
| Cho et al 201655 | Country: Republic of Korea; N = 18; Mean age:(years old): 9.8; Type of CP: Spastic | Treadmill Training with Virtual Reality (Nintendo Wii); EG: VR and Conventional Rehabilitation; CG: Treadmill Training and Conventional Rehabilitation | 30 min | 3× week | 8 weeks |
| Author/ Year | Participants characteristics | Intervention | Duration of Session | Frequency | Duration of Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bedair et al 201647 | Country: Egypt; N = 40; Mean age:(years old): 7.15; Type of CP: Spastic hemiplegia | Xbox Kinect; EG: VR and Conventional Rehabilitation; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 30-60 min 60 min | 3× week | 4 months |
| Acar et al 201646 | Country: Turkey; N = 30; Mean age:(years old): 9.6; Type of CP: Hemiparetic | Nintendo Wii; EG: VR and Bobath; CG: Bobath | 60 min 45 min | 2× week | 6 weeks |
| Zoccolillo et al 201520 | Country: Italy; N = 22; Mean age:(years old): 6.8; Type of CP: Not defined | Xbox Kinect; EG: VR; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation (Bobath Principles) | 30 min | 2× week | 8 weeks |
| AlSaif and Alsenany 201551 | Country: Saudi Arabia; N = 40; Mean age:(years old): -; Type of CP: Spastic diplegia | Wii™ Fit; EG: VR; CG: No Intervention | 20 min | 7× week | 12 weeks |
| Arenas and Bravos 2014 60 | Country: Chile; N = 32; Mean age:(years old): -; Type of CP: Hemiparetic | Wii™ Fit; EG: VR; CG: No Treatment CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 30 min | - | 13 sessions |
| Chiu et al 201442 | Country: Taiwan; N = 62; Mean age:(years old): 9.5; Type of CP: Spastic hemiplegia | Wii Sports Resort™; EG: VR and Conventional Rehabilitation; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 40 min | 3× week | 6 weeks |
| Klobucka et al. 201366 | Country: Serbia; N = 42; Mean age:(years old): 8.1; Type of CP: Not defined | Virtual reality environment; EG: VR and Marching Training on lokomat; CG: Marching Training on lokomat | - | 3-5× week | 20 sessions (4-6 weeks) |
| Author/ Year | Participants characteristics | Intervention | Duration of Session | Frequency | Duration of Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen et al. 201319 | Country: Taiwan; N = 27; Mean age:(years old): 8,6; Type of CP: Spastic hemiplegia and spastic diplegia | Eloton SimCycle Virtual Cycling System; EG: VR and ("Strengthening Program" Physical Therapy); CG: General Physical Activity | 40 min | 3× week | 12 weeks |
| Chen et al. 201259 | Country: Taiwan; N = 27; Mean age:(years old): 8.6; Type of CP: Spastic hemiplegia and spastic diplegia | Eloton SimCycle Virtual Cycling System; EG: VR and ("Strengthening Program" Physical Therapy); CG: General Physical Activity | 40 min | 3× week | 12 weeks |
| Sharan et al. 201245 | Country: India; N = 16; Mean age:(years old): 9.6; Type of CP: Not defined | Wii™ balance board e Wii™ Fit; EG: VR and Conventional Rehabilitation; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 30 min | 3× week | 3 weeks |
| Salem et al. 201256 | Country: USA; N = 40; Mean age:(years old): 4.2; Type of CP: Neuropsychomotor Development Delay | Nintendo Wii Sports™ and Nintendo Wii Fit™; EG: VR; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 30 min | 2× week | 10 weeks |
| Ritterband-Rosenbaum et al. 201268 | Country: Denmark; N = 40; Mean age:(years old): 11.5; Type of CP: Spastics hemiplegia | (MiTii); EG: VR; CG: No Intervention | 30 min | 7× week | 20 weeks |
| Rostami et al. 201244 | Country: Iran; N = 32; Mean age:(years old): 8.1; Type of CP: Hemiparetic | E-Link; EG1: VR; EG2: VR and mCIMT; CG1: mCIMT; CG2: Conventional Rehabilitation | 90 min 90 min 90 min 30 min | 3× week 2× week | 4 weeks of summer |
| Ramstrand and Lygnegård. 201261 | Country: Sweden; N = 18; Mean age:(years old): 13.2; Type of CP: Hemiplegia and diplegia | Wii™ balance board e Wii™ Fit; EG: VR; CG: No intervention | Minimum of 30 min | 5× week | 5 weeks |
| Author/ Year | Participants characteristics | Intervention | Duration of Session | Frequency | Duration of Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wade et al. 201265 | Country: UK; N = 19; Mean age:(years old): 9.1; Type of CP: Not defined | Computer and equipment with seat and platform; GE: VR; GC: No intervention | - | (3-5× week) | 3 months |
| Jannink et al. 200849 | Country: Netherlands; N = 10; Mean age:(years old): 12.1; Type of CP: Tetraplegia, diplegia and hemiplegia | Eye Toy-Play system (Play station 2); EG: VR and Conventional Rehabilitation; CG: Conventional Rehabilitation | 30 min | 2× week | 6 weeks |
| Reid and Campbell. 200643 | Country: Canada; N = 31; Mean age:(years old): 9.5; Type of CP: Not defined | RV IREX System; EG: VR and physiotherapy/ occupational; CG: Physiotherapy/ occupational | 90 minutes | 1× week | 8 weeks |
| Harris and Reid 200570 | Country: Canada; N = 16; Mean age:(years old): 10.1; Type of CP: Spastics, quadriplegia, diplegia; hemiplegia and athetoid | RV IREX System; EG: VR and Physical / Occupational Therapy; CG: Physical / Occupational Therapy | 60 min | - | 8 sessions |
| Akhutina et al. 200367 | Country: Russia; N = 1st (15) 2nd (51); Mean age(years old): 10.2; Type of CP: 1st (Cerebral palsy) 2nd (Diplegics, hemiparesis, anatomical statical and hyperkinetics). | VRT Super Scape 3D; EG: VR and Non-Specific Rehabilitation; CG: Non-Specific Rehabilitation Training | 30–60 min | 6-8× per month | 4 weeks |
Abbreviations: CP, Cerebral palsy; EG, Experimental group; CG Control group; mCIMT, Modified Induced Containment Therapy; MiTii, Move It to Improve It; IREX VR, System Interactive Rehabilitation and Exercise Systems/ Mandala® Gesture Xtreme; E-Link, E-Link evaluation and exercise system.
† Outcomes related to Piovesana et al study.69
†† Outcomes related to Mitchel et al study.57
††† Outcome related to James et al study.52