Table 2.
Quality of evidence assessment (GRADE).
| Quality assessment (GRADE) |
Summary of findings |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of studies | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Overall quality of evidence | Number of participants |
Effect | |
| VRCR | CR | Effect Size (95% CI) | |||||||
| Upper limb function - post intervention | |||||||||
| 11 RCTs | Seriousa | Seriousb | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍≍⨁ Very low | 196 | 194 | SMD 1.06 (0.42, 1.69) |
| Upper limb function - Short term | |||||||||
| 2 RCTs | Seriousa | Seriousb | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍≍⨁ Very low | 42 | 51 | SMD 3.04 (0.43, 5.66) |
| Lower limb function (Gait) - post intervention | |||||||||
| 5 RCTs | Seriousa | Not Serious | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍⨁⨁ Low | 62 | 61 | SMD -0.08 (-0.45, 0.29) |
| Lower limb function (Gait) - Short term | |||||||||
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Lower limb function (Strength) - post intervention | |||||||||
| 2 RCTs | Seriousa | Not Serious | Not Serious | Seriousc | Not Serious | ≍≍⨁⨁ Low | 22 | 23 | SMD 0.66 (0.01, 1.32) |
| Lower limb function (Strength) - Short term | |||||||||
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Postural control and Balance - post intervention | |||||||||
| 6 RCTs | Seriousa | Seriousb | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍≍⨁ Very low | 62 | 62 | SMD 0.43 (-0.11, 0.97) |
| Postural control and Balance - Short term | |||||||||
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Quality assessment (GRADE) |
Summary of findings |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of studies | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Overall quality of evidence | Number of studies |
Effect | |
| VR | CR | Effect Size (95% CI) | |||||||
| Upper limb function - post intervention | |||||||||
| 4 RCTs | Seriousa | Seriousb | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍≍⨁ Very low | 70 | 78 | SMD 0.48 (-0.47, 1.43) |
| Upper limb function - Short term | |||||||||
| 1 RCT | Seriousa | Seriousb | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍≍⨁ Very low | 8 | 16 | SMD 3.95 (-4.86, 12.75) |
| Lower limb function (Gait) - post intervention | |||||||||
| 2 RCTs | Seriousa | Not Serious | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍⨁⨁ Low | 55 | 55 | MD 0.33 (-0.09, 0.75) |
| Lower limb function (Gait) - Short term | |||||||||
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Lower limb function (Strength) - post intervention | |||||||||
| 1 RCT | Seriousa | Not Serious | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍⨁⨁ Low | 40 | 40 | MD -0.30 (-1.49, 0.89) |
| Lower limb function (Strength) - Short term | |||||||||
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Postural control and Balance - post intervention | |||||||||
| 3 RCTs | Seriousa | Seriousb | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍≍⨁ Very low | 56 | 56 | SMD 1.43 (0.6, 2.24) |
| Postural control and Balance - Short term | |||||||||
| 1 RCT | Seriousa | Not Serious | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍⨁⨁ Low | 16 | 16 | MD 0.48 (-0.31, 1.27) |
| Quality assessment (GRADE) |
Summary of findings |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of studies | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Overall quality of evidence | Number of studies |
Effect | |
| VR | Control | Effect Size (95% CI) | |||||||
| Upper limb function - post intervention | |||||||||
| 2 RCTs | Seriousa | Seriousb | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍≍⨁ Very low | 58 | 57 | SMD 0.64 (-0.4, 1.67) |
| Upper limb function - Short term | |||||||||
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Lower limb function (Gait) - post intervention | |||||||||
| 2 RCTs | Seriousa | Not Serious | Not Serious | Seriousc | Undetected | ≍≍⨁⨁ Low | 66 | 63 | SMD 0.67 (0.13, 1.21) |
| Lower limb function (Gait) - Short term | |||||||||
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Lower limb function (Strength) - post intervention | |||||||||
| 1 RCT | Seriousa | Not Serious | Not Serious | Seriousc | ≍≍⨁⨁ Low | 46 | 43 | MD 2.60 (1.03, 4.17) | |
| Lower limb function (Strength) - Short term | |||||||||
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Postural control and Balance - post intervention | |||||||||
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Postural control and Balance - Short term | |||||||||
| - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Abbreviations: GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation; RCTs, randomized controlled trials; VRCR, virtual reality plus conventional rehabilitation; CR, conventional rehabilitation; MD, mean difference; SMD, standardised mean differences; CI, confidence interval; VR, virtual reality.
a
> 25% of the participants from studies with high risk of bias.
b
I2 test is greater than 50%.
c
Sample size is less than 400 participants and large CI.