Figure 2.

Example of bystander effects at tissue scale and abscopal effects in patients exposed to TAT. Examples of bystander effects: (1) Strong heterogeneous distribution of radioactivity (²¹²Pb-labeled monoclonal antibodies) in tumors of mice treated with TAT was unexpectedly accompanied by homogenous distribution of DNA damage, measured by immunofluorescence analysis of 53BP1 expression (modified from Ladjohounlou et al.). (2) Model of ²²³RaCl² (Xofigo)-induced bystander effects in a bone metastasis. (3) Systemic effect induced in a patient with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) who received alpha brachytherapy to one tumor lesion. Surprisingly, another tumor lesion far from the radiation area also was cured (66) (modified from Bellia et al.).