TABLE 2.

Lists of clonal relationships of AMR strains from South East Asia Countries in the One Health paradigm.

Year	Countries	Bacteria	Source and epidemiological data	Molecular typing	Conclusion of genetic relativeness	References
2018	Thailand	E. coli	Isolates from pig in the finishing period and pork from the same pigs	PFGE, MLST, plasmid replicon typing	Similar pulsotypes and sequence type (ST) from 2 pairs of strains from pig and pork.	Lugsomya et al., 2018b
					Similar plasmid Inc group (Frep-HI2 and FIB-FIC-Frep) from 2 pairs of strains from pig and pork.
2019	Thailand	E. coli	Isolates from pigs and healthy humans from the same province	MLST	4 STs of ESBL producing E. coli shared between humans and pigs (ST10, ST70, ST117, ST685).	Seenama et al., 2019
2019	Thailand	Salmonella Rissen	Isolates from pigs, pork from slaughterhouses and markets from the same region	cgMLST,	A close similarity (percentage was not defined) from cgMLST between pig and pork sources from slaughterhouses and markets.	Prasertsee et al., 2019
2020	Thailand	Salmonella Weltevreden	Isolates from beef from a fresh market and isolates from patients in the same province	cgMLST, in silico plasmid typing	A high similarity from cgMLST between patient and beef sources.	Patchanee et al., 2020
					Same plasmid oriT type (MOB F) and plasmid incompatibility group (IncFII) of mcr-1 plasmids from patient and beef strains.
2021	Vietnam	E. coli	Isolates from pigs, chickens and patients	MLST, in silico plasmid typing	No evidence of clonal transmission between strains from a different host.	Nguyen et al., 2021
					The IS6 elements flanking ISEcp1–blaCTX-M–orf477/IS903B structures shared between strains from different hosts.