Table 4. Multivariable Regression for Empathy and Career Regret at End of Medical School Among US Medical Students Who Completed the AAMC Y2Q and AAMC GQ .
| Variables reported at year 2 (Y2Q) | Empathy at year 4 (GQ) | Career regret at year 4 (GQ) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (95% CI) | P value | Overall P value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value | Overall P value | |
| No. of mistreatments | ||||||
| 0 | 1 [Reference] | NA | .86 | 1 [Reference] | NA | <.001 |
| 1 | 0.01 (−0.112 0.15) | .83 | 1.35 (1.12 to 1.63) | .002 | ||
| >1 | −0.03 (−0.17 to 0.11) | .67 | 1.87 (1.56 to 2.23) | <.001 | ||
| MSLES subscale (for each 1 point higher) | ||||||
| Faculty interactions | 0.02 (0.02 to 0.05) | NA | .04 | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.05) | NA | .32 |
| Emotional climate | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.01) | NA | .08 | 1.02 (0.98 to 1.05) | NA | .38 |
| Student-student interactions | 0 (−0.02 to 0.02) | NA | .86 | 0.97 (0.95 to 1.00) | NA | .04 |
| Burnouta | ||||||
| Disengagement (for each 1-point increase) | −0.03 (−0.06 to −0.004) | NA | .03 | 1.15 (1.11 to 1.20) | NA | <.001 |
| Exhaustion (for each 1-point increase) | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03) | NA | .22 | 1.07 (1.04 to 1.09) | NA | <.001 |
| Empathy (for each 1-point increase)b | 0.63 (0.62 to 0.65) | NA | <.001 | 0.98 (0.96 to 1.00) | NA | .03 |
| Overall QOL (for each 1-point increase)c | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.0) | NA | .22 | 0.95 (0.90 to 0.99) | NA | .02 |
| Stress (for each 1-point increase)d | 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04) | NA | .28 | 1.01 (0.97 to 1.04) | NA | .71 |
| Career regret | NA | NA | NA | 5.71 (4.60 to 7.10) | NA | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 0.74 (0.63 to 0.85) | NA | <.001 | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.03) | NA | .82 |
| Male | 1 [Reference] | NA | 1 [Reference] | NA | ||
| Age (for each year older) | 0.05 (0.03 to 0.07) | NA | <.001 | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.02) | NA | .82 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 1 [Reference] | NA | .85 | 1 [Reference] | NA | .90 |
| Legally married | 0.01 (−0.13 to 0.14) | .94 | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.34) | .28 | ||
| Common law or civil union | 0.1 (−0.73 to 0.93) | .81 | 1.44 (0.51 to 4.07) | .49 | ||
| Divorced | 0.01 (−0.56 to 0.57) | .98 | 1.00 (0.45 to 2.25) | >.99 | ||
| Separated, but still legally married | 0.64 (−0.59 to 1.87) | .31 | 1.25 (0.26 to 5.99) | .78 | ||
| Widowed | 2.02 (−2.13 to 6.16) | .34 | NA | NA | ||
| No. of dependents | ||||||
| 0 | 1 [Reference] | NA | .91 | 1 [Reference] | NA | .33 |
| 1 | −0.05 (−0.31 to 0.20) | .69 | 1.19 (0.85 to 1.66) | .31 | ||
| 2 or more | −0.04 (−0.35 to 0.27) | .79 | 0.82 (0.52 to 1.29) | .39 | ||
Abbreviations: AAMC, American Association of Medical Colleges; GQ, Graduation Questionnaire; MSLES, Medical School Learning Environment Survey; NA, not applicable; QOL, quality of life; Y2Q, Medical School Year 2 Questionnaire.
As measured by a modified version of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (see Methods). Score ranges 8 to 32 for exhaustion and 5 to 20 for disengagement, with higher scores indicating higher levels of burnout.
As measured by the Interpersonal Reactivity Index scale. Scores range from 0 to 32, with higher scores indicating higher levels of empathy.
As measured by the single-item linear analogue QOL scale. Scores range from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating better overall quality of life.
As measured by a 4-item Perceived Stress Scale. Scores range from 0 to 16, higher scores indicating higher perceived levels of stress.