Table 5.
The factors associated with bacteriologically confirmed TB and smear positive TB among study population
| Independent variables | Prevalence of Bact TB (%) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bact TB | Bact TB | Smear + TB | |||||
| cOR (95%, CI) | P value | aOR (95%, CI) | P valuea | aOR (95%, CI) | P valuea | ||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 0.8 | 2.9 (2.2–3.9) | 0.01 | 2.2 (1.6–3.1) | < 0.01 | 4.2 (2.3–8.2) | < 0.01 |
| Female | 0.3 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Exposure to solid fuel for heating | |||||||
| Yes | 0.6 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 0.01 | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) | 0.02 | 2.1 (1.1–4.0) | 0.01 |
| No | 0.4 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Education | |||||||
| Lower than incomplete secondary | 0.7 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.01 | 1.1 (0.9–1.6) | 0.35 | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 0.98 |
| Higher than complete secondary | 0.5 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Divorced or widow | 1.0 | 2.1 (1.4–3.0) | 0.01 | 2.5 (1.6–3.8) | 0.01 | 2.7 (1.3–5.6) | 0.01 |
| Married or never married | 0.5 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Employment | |||||||
| Employer and self-business owner | 0.7 | 1.4 (1.1–2.0) | 0.03 | 1.4 (0.9–1.9) | 0.06 | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 0.23 |
| Others | 0.5 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Daily | 1.1 | 2.9 (2.2–3.8) | 0.01 | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | < 0.01 | 2.1 (1.2–3.5) | 0.01 |
| Never, quit, occasional | 0.4 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Alcohol intake | |||||||
| Yes | 1.2 | 2.5 (1.8–3.6) | < 0.01 | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) | 0.07 | 1.5 (0.9–2.8) | 0.13 |
| No | 0.5 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Contacts with active TB | |||||||
| Yes | 0.9 | 1.9 (1.4–2.6) | < 0.01 | 1.7 (1.2–2.3) | 0.01 | 1.6 (0.9–2.7) | 0.13 |
| No | 0.5 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Underweight | |||||||
| BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2 | 1.7 | 3.6 (2.3–5.6) | < 0.01 | 3.6 (2.3–5.7) | < 0.01 | 7.1 (3.7–13.5) | < 0.01 |
| BMI > 18.5 kg/m2 | 0.5 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| History of TB | |||||||
| Yes | 2.4 | 5.6 (4.0–8.0) | < 0.01 | 4.3 (3.0–6.2) | < 0.01 | 7.5 (4.4–12.6) | < 0.01 |
| No | 0.4 | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
TB tuberculosis, Bact bacteriologically confirmed, + positive, cOR crude odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, BMI body mass index
Smoking: yes: tobacco smoking daily; alcohol consumption: yes: more than 2–4 times per month
BMI: underweight: ≤ 18.5 kg/m2. Adjusted effects of the independent variables on TB in the study population
Both crude and adjusted odds ratio were estimated by logistic regression. Unadjusted odds ratios were based on separate logistic regression for independent variables
TB case, underweight status, previous history of tuberculosis and exposure to solid fuel for heating
aAll independent variables were included in the same model: age, gender, education level, marital status, employment, smoking, alcohol intake, contact with active TB case, underweight status, previous history of tuberculosis and exposure to solid fuel for heating