Fig. 5.

Phosphorylated neurofilaments in plasma and phosphorylated TDP-43 in plasma EVs. a Plasma levels of pNFH in ALS, HC, MD and SBMA. One-way ANOVA, p = 0.033; *p = 0.043 ALS versus HC by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. b Representative immunoblotting for phosphorylated TDP-43 antibody (pTDP-43) and relative Red Ponceau in human EV samples. IS means internal standard. c Immunogold TEM analysis of plasma EVs purified with NBI and stained with pTDP-43 (left panel) or negative control (right panel). Phosphorylated TDP-43 is indicated with a line (12 nm gold nanoparticles)