Table 4.
Results from Five Regression Models Showing the Relationships Between PM2.5 and Ocular Outcomes Adjusting for Demographics, Health, Smoking, and Other Forms of Air Pollution
| Outcomes | PM2.5* Odds Ratio or β† | 95% CI | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visual impairment | 1.09 | 0.97–1.24 | 0.157 |
| Glaucoma | 1.24 | 1.05–1.46 | 0.010 |
| Intraocular pressure | 0.24 | 0.12–0.37 | <0.001 |
| AMD | |||
| No | 1.00 | Reference | — |
| Yes, but not visually impaired | 0.99 | 0.82–1.20 | 0.905 |
| Yes, and visually impaired | 1.41 | 0.96–2.08 | 0.079 |
| Cataract | 0.98 | 0.90–1.07 | 0.716 |
*
Measures of association are per interquartile range of PM2.5 (2.9 µg/m3).
†
Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education, household income, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, province, ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitric oxide.