TABLE 1.

Common first‐line screening examinations in adults with abnormal liver function tests (LFTs)

Screening test	Etiology
Serum copper, caeruloplasmin AND Urinary copper. Slit‐lamp examination	Wilson's disease
Hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C antibody	Viral hepatitis
Ferritin, transferrin saturation, serum iron, total iron binding capacity	Hereditary Haemochromatosis
Tissue transglutaminase IgA	Coeliac disease
Alcohol history (+biochemical clues: ↑MCV, ↑GGT, AST > 2xALT)	Alcoholic liver disease
↑BMI, ↑haemoglobin a1c. Lipid profile. Liver ultrasound or MRI	Non‐alcoholic steatosis/steatohepatitis
Anti‐mitochondrial antibody, anti‐smooth muscle antibody, Anti‐LKM antibody, antinuclear antibody, serum immunoglobulins	Autoimmune liver disease
Alpha‐1 antitrypsin	Alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency

ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; GGT, gamma‐glutamyltransferase; LKM, Liver‐Kidney microsomal; MCV, mean cell volume; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.