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SARS-CoV-2 spike protein expression generates oxidative stress in A549 cells. SARS-CoV-2 spike transfection induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) release (A), γ-H2AX expression (B), and nuclear localization of γ-H2AX (C). Experiments were performed in triplicate and results are presented as mean ± standard deviation. **, P < 0.005. DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.
