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. 2021 Aug 9;11(8):e049924. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049924

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Illustrative schematic of a potential risk environment for injecting-related bacterial and fungal infections, as it may structure or create infection risk during the process of recognition and adequate treatment of superficial injection-site infections. Environmental factors, which are external to individuals, interact to influence individual-level factors and health behaviours across stages of a potential pathway: drug acquisition; drug preparation; drug injection; treatment of superficial injection-site bacterial and fungal infections (eg, in primary care or emergency departments); treatment of severe/invasive bacterial and fungal infections (eg, in hospital for intravenous antibiotics and/or surgery) and health outcomes after severe/invasive bacterial and fungal infections (eg, disability, death).