Table 2.

Summary of results reported antimicrobial behavior of patterned surfaces

Material used	Surface topography	Fabrication technique	Antifouling(A) or biocidal(B)	Microbes tested	Reference
Silicon	Honeycomb pattern with micron-size pores	Photolithography and deep reactive ion etching	A, B	S. aureus (gram-positive) and E. coli (gram-negative) bacteria	[47]
TiO2	Micro-nanopillar arrays	Photolithography and RF magnetron sputtering	B	S. aureus (gram-positive) and E. coli (gram-negative) bacteria	[49]
PMMA	Microstructure replicated from shark skin	Polymer imprinting	A	S. aureus (gram-positive) and E. coli (gram-negative) bacteria	[55]
PMMA	Nanopillared surfaces	Nanoimprint lithography (NIL)	B	A. fumigatus and F. oxysporum (Fungus)	[51]
Silicon	Micropillar arrays	Photolithography and dry etching	A,B	S. aureus (gram-positive) and E. coli (gram-negative) bacteria	[48]
Black silicon	Nanopillars	Reactive ion beam etching	B	S. aureus, B. subtilis (gram-positive) and P. aeruginosa (gram-negative) bacteria	[56]
Polycarbonate	Nanopillar surface	Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template-assisted hot embossing and wet etching	B	E. coli (gram-negative) bacteria	[57]
Insect wings (Cicada & dragonfly)	Nanostructured surface with hemisphere, spherically capped cones, and cylinders	-	B	S. cerevisiae (Fungus)	[58]
Aluminum Al 6063 alloy	Nanostructured surface	Wet chemical etching	B	S. aureus (gram-positive) and P. aeruginosa (gram-negative bacteria) Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Rhinovirus (Virus)	[53]
Aluminum Al 6063 alloy	Nanostructured surface	Wet chemical etching	B	SARS-CoV-2 (Virus)	[54]