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. 2021 Aug 10;10:e62997. doi: 10.7554/eLife.62997

Figure 5. Proportions of ART-R and KEL1/PLA1 parasites in southern Laos districts.

Districts in five provinces of southern Laos are represented by markers whose color and label indicates the frequency of samples classified as ART-R (A) and as DHA-PPQ-R, i.e. possessing markers of resistance to both artemisinin and piperaquine (B). Only districts with more than 10 samples with valid genotypes are shown. In panel (B), a dashed line denotes a hypothetical demarcation line between a Lower Zone, where DHA-PPQ-R strains have spread, and an Upper Zone, where they are absent and ART-R parasites belong to different strains.

Figure 5—source data 1. Counts and proportions of samples predicted to be resistant to artemisinin and DHA-PPQ in districts of Laos.

Figure 5.

Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Frequencies Distribution of kelch13 alleles in five provinces of Laos.

Figure 5—figure supplement 1.

Each pie chart shows the proportions of kelch13 alleles in samples collected in each province. Numbers by each pie slice indicate the actual number of samples carrying that allele. Samples with heterozygous kelch13 calls were disregarded. A total of 1303 samples with kelch13 genotypes were analyzed.
Figure 5—figure supplement 1—source data 1. Sample frequencies for different kelch13 alleles in provinces of Laos.
Figure 5—figure supplement 2. Neighbour-joining tree using barcode data to show genetic differentiation between groups of parasites collected in Southern Laos.

Figure 5—figure supplement 2.

The tree was derived from a genetic distance matrix, computed by comparing the genetic barcodes of samples collected in the Lao PDR (n=1332). Each marker represents a parasite sample, coloured by province. The branch length separating each pair of parasites represents the amount of genetic differentiation between them: individuals separated by shorter branches are more similar to each other. Thicker marker borders indicate parasites carrying thekelch13C580Y mutation, while square markers indicate samples withplasmepsin2/3amplification. Orange circular callouts show notable features of this tree. (A) Shows a large cluster of parasites from the Lower Zone (Attapeu and Champasak provinces) carrying both C580Y andplasmepsin2/3amplification (DHA-PPQ-R). (B) Indicates that C580Y mutants from the Upper Zone (Savannakhet and Salavan provinces) are genetically distinct from the DHA-PPQ-R strains, but also from Upper Zone wild-type parasites.