Table 2.
Estimates and 95% intervals for effect sizes, spatial parameters and population-attributable fraction of incidence. Effects for PM2.5, NO, lung cancer incidence, percent unemployed, and percent ethnic minorities are percent increase in relative risk for a one unit increase, and a value of 1.2 corresponds to a regression coefficient of .
Canada |
Italy |
England |
United States |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Est | CI | Est | CI | Est | CI | Est | CI | |
Relative risk | ||||||||
NO | 5.0 | (−3.8, 14.7) | 2.7 | (−0.4, 6.0) | 0.5 | (−0.5, 1.6) | 2.3 | (−3.2, 8.1) |
PM2.5 | −10.9 | (−23.9, 4.5) | 0.5 | (−2.5, 3.5) | 2.9 | (−0.7, 6.6) | 12.6 | (7.4, 18.1) |
Lung cancer | −0.2 | (−2.3, 2.0) | 0.0 | (−0.9, 0.9) | 0.7 | (0.5, 1.0) | 0.0 | (−0.2, 0.2) |
Unemployment | −19.0 | (−25.1,−12.4) | −7.4 | (−20.8, 8.6) | 4.5 | (−3.0, 12.7) | −4.3 | (−6.0, −2.5) |
Visible minorities | 2.8 | (0.5, 5.1) | 2.3 | (−0.2, 5.0) | 1.1 | (0.7, 1.5) | 1.3 | (1.1, 1.5) |
Spatial parameters | ||||||||
Std deviation | 1.1 | (0.7, 1.6) | 0.4 | (0.3, 0.5) | 0.2 | (0.1, 0.2) | 0.8 | (0.8, 0.9) |
Dependence | 0.6 | (0.4, 0.8) | 0.8 | (0.6, 0.9) | 0.9 | (0.8, 1.0) | 1.0 | (1.0, 1.0) |
Population attributable fraction | ||||||||
PAF | 3.4 | (−59.9, 39.6) | 45.9 | (11.1, 66.3) | 10.3 | (1.6, 19.0) | 26.1 | (21.5, 30.2) |