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. 2021 Aug 11;39:100443. doi: 10.1016/j.sste.2021.100443

Table 2.

Estimates and 95% intervals for effect sizes, spatial parameters and population-attributable fraction of incidence. Effects for PM2.5, NO2, lung cancer incidence, percent unemployed, and percent ethnic minorities are percent increase in relative risk for a one unit increase, and a value of 1.2 corresponds to a regression coefficient of log[1+(1.2/100)].

Canada
Italy
England
United States
Est CI Est CI Est CI Est CI
Relative risk
 NO2 5.0 (−3.8, 14.7) 2.7 (−0.4, 6.0) 0.5 (−0.5, 1.6) 2.3 (−3.2, 8.1)
 PM2.5 −10.9 (−23.9, 4.5) 0.5 (−2.5, 3.5) 2.9 (−0.7, 6.6) 12.6 (7.4, 18.1)
 Lung cancer −0.2 (−2.3, 2.0) 0.0 (−0.9, 0.9) 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2)
 Unemployment −19.0 (−25.1,−12.4) −7.4 (−20.8, 8.6) 4.5 (−3.0, 12.7) −4.3 (−6.0, −2.5)
 Visible minorities 2.8 (0.5, 5.1) 2.3 (−0.2, 5.0) 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) 1.3 (1.1, 1.5)

Spatial parameters
 Std deviation σ 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) 0.8 (0.8, 0.9)
 Dependence ρ 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) 1.0 (1.0, 1.0)

Population attributable fraction
 PAF 3.4 (−59.9, 39.6) 45.9 (11.1, 66.3) 10.3 (1.6, 19.0) 26.1 (21.5, 30.2)