Table 3.
Studies describing the effects of post-oral delivery of non-caloric tastants on energy intake
| Taste | References | Subjects | Tastants and comparators used | Method of administration | Interval intervention to meal | Energy intake (Kcal) | Direction of effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweet |
Rogers et al. (1990) [40] UK |
12 subjects (6 men, 6 women, 18–26 y, BMI 20.8) |
Aspartame capsule (234 mg) Comparator: Placebo capsule |
Gastric capsule | 60 min | − 175 kcal | ↓ |
| 15 subjects (10 men, 5 women, 19-24 y, normal BMI |
Aspartame capsule (235 mg) Aspartame capsule (470 mg) Comparator: Placebo capsule |
Gastric capsule | 60 min |
− 138 kcal for 235 mg aspartame − 150 kcal for 470 mg aspartame |
↓ | ||
|
Black et al. (1993) [44] Canada |
18 subjects (18 men, 19-25y, BMI 21–25) |
Aspartame capsule (340 mg) Comparator: Water |
Gastric capsule | 60 min |
Slight non-significant increase in energy intake (numbers not shown) No effect on macronutrient composition |
No effect | |
|
Van Avesaat et al. (2015) [42] The Netherlands |
15 subjects (6 men, 9 women, 22.4 y, BMI 22.4) |
Reb-A (540 mg) Comparator: Tap water |
Nasoduodenal catheter | 75 min | − 24 kcal (n.s.) | No effect | |
| Bitter |
Andreozzi et al. (2015) [27] Italy |
20 subjects (8 men, 12 women, 27 y, BMI 24) |
QHCl capsule (18 mg) Comparator: Placebo capsule |
Acid resistant capsules | 60 min | -82 kcal | ↓ |
|
Van Avesaat et al. (2015) [42] The Netherlands |
15 subjects (6 men, 9 women, 22.4 y, BMI 22.4) |
QHCl (75 mg) Comparator: Tap water |
Nasoduodenal catheter | 75 min | − 44 kcal (n.s.) | No effect | |
|
Mennella et al. (2016) [37] Italy |
20 subjects (11 men, 9 women, 25.3 y, BMI 22.1 |
Microencapsulated bitter secoiridoids (100 mg) Comparator: coating only |
Microencapsulation to mask oral tasting. Exact location of effect in GI tract unknown |
180 min (lunch) 24 h energy intake |
Lunch:—88 kcal (n.s.) Post-lunch: − 252 kcal 24 h energy intake: − 340 kcal |
↓ | |
|
Peters et al. (2016) [39] The Netherlands |
57 subjects (all women, 40.5 y, BMI 26.5) |
Bitter mixture containing: Raisin flavor (22.0 mg) Sucrose Octa Acetate (0.88 mg) Quassia extract (0.088 mg) Comparator: placebo capsule |
Intragastric capsule, 2 times daily for 14 days |
60 min (breakfast) 300 min (lunch) 60 min (dinner) All day energy intake |
Day 0 vs. day 14: Meals only: − 109 kcal (n.s.) Meals + snack: -86 kcal (n.s.) Breakfast: − 30 kcal (n.s.) Lunch: − 61 kcal (n.s.) Dinner: − 1 kcal (n.s.) Snacks: + 41 kcal (n.s.) |
No effect | |
|
Deloose et al. (2017) [32] Belgium |
20 subjects (all women, 23 y, BMI 22) |
DB (0.447 mg/Kg body weight) Comparator: Tap water |
Nasogastric catheter | 40 min | − 76 kcal (n.s.) | No effect | |
|
Bitarafan et al. (2019) [30] Australia |
14 subjects (14 men, 25 y, BMI 22.5) |
QHCl (37.5 mg, Q37.5)) QHCl (75 mg, Q75)) QHCl (225 mg, Q225)) Comparator: Saline |
Nasoduodenal catheter | 60 min | Q37.5:—31Kcal (n.s.), Q75: − 59 kcal (n.s.), Q225: − 11 kcal vs. Control (n.s.) | No effect | |
|
Iven et al. (2019) [33] Belgium |
16 subjects (16 women, 24.5 y, BMI 21.9) |
QHCl (3.6 mg/Kg body weigh) Comparator: Milli-Q water |
Nasogastric catheter | 40 min | − 67.6 kcal | ↓ | |
|
Bitarafan et al. (2020) [29] Australia |
12 subjects (12 men, 26 y, BMI 23.1) |
QHCl (275 mg, Q275) QHCl (600 mg, Q600) Comparator: Saline |
Nasogastric catheter | 30 min | Q275: + 26 kcal, Q600: − 53 kcal (n.s.) | No effect | |
| Umami |
Van Avesaat et al. (2015) [42] The Netherlands |
15 subjects (6 men, 9 women, 22.4 y, BMI 22.4) |
MSG (2 g) Comparator: Tap water |
Intraduodenal catheter | 75 min | + 5 kcal (n.s.) | No effect |
| Combination |
Van Avesaat et al. (2015) [42] The Netherlands |
15 subjects (6 men, 9 women, 22.4 y, BMI 22.4) |
Tastant mixture: Reb-A (540 mg) QHCl (75 mg) MSG (2 g) Comparator: Tap water |
Nasoduodenal catheter | 75 min | − 64 kcal | ↓ |
|
Klaassen et al. (2019) [34] The Netherlands |
14 subjects (3 men, 11 women, 25.6 y, BMI 22.3) |
Tastant mixture: Reb-A (540 mg) QHCl (75 mg) MSG (2 g) Comparator: Tap water |
Naso-duodenal-ileal catheter | 75 min | Duodenal + 16.7 kcal (n.s.), Ileal + 28.1 kcal (n.s.), Combined duodenal and ileal + 31.5 kcal (n.s.) | No effect |
y years, BMI body mass index, Reb-A rebaudioside A, n.s. not significant, QHCL quinine hydrochloride, GI gastrointestinal, DB denatonium benzoate, MSG monosodium glutamate