. 2021 Feb 7;60(6):2979–2997. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02486-3

Table 3.

Multivariate adjusted daily intakes of macro- and micro-nutrients and percentage of men and women aged 19–64 y below the Lower recommended Nutrient Intakes (LRNI) across red meat (RM) tertiles

Participants (n)	Tertiles of red meat (RM) consumption, g/d
Participants (n)	Men				Women
	T1	T2	T3	ANCOVA	T1	T2	T3	ANCOVA
	(0–13)	(14–60)	(61–224)	P value¹	(0–8)	(9–35)	(36–233)	P value¹
	265	266	270		319	320	318
Total energy (MJ)	8.4 (8.1, 8.7)^a	9.0 (8.7, 9.3)^b	9.5 (9.2, 9.8)^b	0.0001	6.3 (6.1, 6.5)^a	6.7 (6.5, 6.9)^b	7.0 (6.8, 7.2)^c	0.0001
Protein (g)	81 (78, 84)^a	83 (80, 86)^a	94 (91, 97)^b	0.0001	60 (59, 62)^a	64 (63, 65)^b	71 (70, 73)^c	0.0001
Fat (g)	78 (76, 80)^a	79 (77, 81)^a	79 (77, 81)^a	0.55	58 (57, 59)^a	59 (58, 61)^a	60 (59, 61)^a	0.085
% food energy	34 (34, 35)^a	35 (34, 36)^a	36 (35, 36)^a	0.039	33 (33, 34)^a	34 (34, 35)^b	35 (34, 35)^b	0.022
SFA (g)	28 (27, 29)^a	29 (29, 30)^b	29 (28, 30)^ab	0.044	21 (20, 21)^a	22 (21, 23)^b	22 (21, 22)^b	0.011
% food energy	12 (12, 12)^a	13 (13, 13)^b	13 (13, 13)^b	0.002	12 (12, 12)^a	13 (12, 13)^b	13 (12, 13)^b	0.004
Cis MUFA (g)	28 (28, 29)^a	29 (28, 30)^a	29 (29, 30)^a	0.28	21 (20, 21)^a	21 (21, 22)^ab	22 (21, 22)^b	0.016
% food energy	13 (12, 13)^a	13 (12, 13)^ab	13 (13, 13)^b	0.019	12 (12, 12)^a	12 (12, 12)^a	13 (12, 13)^b	0.003
Cis n-6 FAs (g)	12 (12, 13)^a	11 (11, 12)^b	11 (11, 12)^b	0.002	8.9 (8.5, 9.2)^a	8.6 (8.3, 9)^a	8.6 (8.3, 9.0)^a	0.6
% food energy	5.5 (5.3, 5.7)^a	5.0 (4.8, 5.2)^b	5.1 (4.9, 5.3)^b	0.001	5.1 (4.9, 5.3)^a	5.0 (4.8, 5.2)^a	5.0 (4.9, 5.2)^a	0.74
Cis n-3 FAs (g)	2.3 (2.1, 2.4)^a	2.1 (2.0, 2.3)^a	2.2 (2.1, 2.3)^a	0.40	2.0 (1.9, 2.1)^a	1.8 (1.7, 1.9)^b	1.6 (1.6, 1.7)^c	0.0001
% food energy	1.0 (0.97, 1.1)^a	0.94 (0.89, 0.99)^b	1.0 (0.95, 1.1)^a	0.062	1.1 (1.1, 1.2)^a	1.0 (0.98, 1.1)^b	0.97 (0.92, 1.0)^b	0.0001
Trans fatty acids (g)	1.3 (1.2, 1.4)^a	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)^b	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)^b	0.0001	1.0 (0.95, 1.1)^a	1.1 (1.0, 1.2)^b	1.2 (1.2, 1.3)^c	0.0001
% food energy	0.58 (0.54, 0.61)^a	0.67 (0.63, 0.70)^b	0.72 (0.68, 0.75)^b	0.0001	0.59 (0.55, 0.62)^a	0.64 (0.61, 0.67)^a	0.70 (0.68, 0.73)^b	0.0001
Carbohydrate (g)	260 (255, 264)^a	260 (255, 264)^a	238 (234, 243)^b	0.0001	204 (201, 207)^a	196 (193, 199)^b	187 (184, 190)^c	0.0001
% food energy	49 (48, 50)^a	48 (48, 49)^a	45 (44, 46)^b	0.0001	51 (50, 51)^a	48 (48, 49)^b	46 (45, 47)^c	0.0001
Total sugars (g)	110 (106, 114)^a	109 (105, 113)^a	96 (92, 100)^b	0.0001	84 (81, 87)^a	86 (83, 89)^a	77 (74, 80)^b	0.0001
% food energy	21 (20, 21)^a	20 (19, 21)^a	18 (17, 19)^b	0.0001	21 (20, 22)^a	21 (20, 22)^a	19 (18, 20)^b	0.0001
Englyst fibre (g)	15 (15, 16)^a	15 (14, 15)^a	14 (14, 15)^a	0.1	14 (13, 14)^a	13 (12, 13)^b	12 (12, 12)^c	0.0001
Vitamin A (µg)²	902 (789, 1015)^a	1049 (936, 1162)^a	881 (771, 992)^a	0.078	1003 (893, 1114)^a	955 (848, 1063)^a	941 (838, 1044)^a	0.71
% below LRNI	12	9	10		7	7	5
Thiamin (mg)	1.6 (1.5, 1.6)^a	1.6 (1.5, 1.6)^a	1.7 (1.6, 1.7)^b	0.098	1.2 (1.2, 1.3)^a	1.3 (1.2, 1.3)^b	1.3 (1.3, 1.4)^b	0.007
% below LRNI	0	0	0		0	0	0
Riboflavin (mg)	1.8 (1.7, 1.8)^a	1.7 (1.7, 1.8)^a	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)^a	0.68	1.4 (1.3, 1.4)^a	1.4 (1.3, 1.4)^a	1.3 (1.3, 1.4)^b	0.71
% below LRNI	6	4	2		13	13	9
Niacin eqv (mg)	42 (40, 43)^a	41 (39, 42)^a	46 (44, 48)^b	0.0001	30 (29, 31)^a	31 (31, 32)^a	33 (32, 34)^b	0.0001
% below LRNI	0	0	0		0	0	0
Vitamin B6 (mg)	2.5 (2.4, 2.6)^a	2.5 (2.4, 2.6)^a	2.7 (2.6, 2.8)^a	0.019	1.8 (1.7, 1.9)^a	1.9 (1.8, 1.9)^ab	2.0 (1.9, 2.0)^b	0.04
% below LRNI	4	3	1		17	9	5
Vitamin B12 (µg)	5.0 (4.6, 5.5)^a	5.8 (5.3, 6.3)^b	6.2 (5.8, 6.7)^b	0.002	4.4 (4.1, 4.7)^a	4.6 (4.3, 4.9)^a	4.6 (4.3, 4.9)^a	0.49
% below LRNI	2	0	0		4	1	0
Folate (µg)	295 (283, 307)^a	284 (272, 297)^a	285 (273, 297)^a	0.39	243 (235, 252)^a	226 (218, 234)^b	219 (212, 227)^b	0.0001
% below LRNI	2	0	1		7	4	2
Vitamin C (mg)	86 (79, 93)^a	86 (79, 94)^a	78 (71, 86)^a	0.22	84 (77, 90)^a	85 (79, 91)^a	78 (72, 84)^a	0.18
% below LRNI	3	0	0		1	1	1
Sodium (mg)	2614 (2532, 2697)^a	2671 (2589, 2754)^a	2557 (2476, 2638)^a	0.15	1994 (1936, 2052)^a	2046 (1990, 2103)^a	1961 (1907, 2015)^a	0.098
% below LRNI	1	0	0		2	1	0
Potassium (mg)	2985 (2912, 3058)^a	3025 (2952, 3098)^a	3081 (3009, 3153)^a	0.19	2516 (2460, 2572)^a	2468 (2413, 2523)^a	2542 (2489, 2594)^a	0.16
% below LRNI	13	13	6		30	27	14
Calcium (mg)	915 (885, 945)^a	910 (880, 940)^a	841 (811, 870)^b	0.001	737 (715, 760)^a	715 (694, 737)^a	679 (658, 699)^b	0.001
% below LRNI	5	5	5		8	10	8
Magnesium (mg)	288 (281, 295)^a	277 (270, 284)^a	282 (275, 289)^a	0.11	232 (227, 237)^a	221 (217, 226)^b	218 (213, 222)^b	0.0001
% below LRNI	17	17	11		15	15	9
Iron (mg)	11 (11, 12)^a	12 (11, 12)^a	12 (12, 13)^b	0.005	9.6 (9.3, 9.8)^ab	9.4 (9.1, 9.6)^a	9.8 (9.5, 10.0)^b	0.070
% below LRNI	4	0	0		33	29	17
Haem iron (mg)	0.52 (0.46, 0.57)^a	0.78 (0.72, 0.83)^a	1.1 (1.1, 1.2)^a	0.0001	0.35 (0.32, 0.39)^a	0.57 (0.53, 0.60)^b	0.82 (0.79, 0.86)^c	0.0001
Non-haem iron (mg)	11 (11, 11)^a	11 (11, 11)^a	11 (11, 12)^a	0.58	9.2 (9.0, 9.4)^a	8.8 (8.6, 9.0)^b	8.9 (8.7, 9.1)^b	0.059
Zinc (mg)	8.3 (8.1, 8.6)^a	9.4 (9.1, 9.7)^b	11 (11, 12)^c	0.0001	6.4 (6.3, 6.6)^a	7.3 (7.1, 7.5)^b	8.8 (8.7, 9.0)^c	0.0001
% below LRNI	19	5	0		12	3	0
Iodine (µg)	189 (181, 197)^a	179 (171, 187)^ab	173 (165, 181)^b	0.02	140 (135, 146)^a	138 (132, 143)^a	132 (127, 137)^a	0.082
% below LRNI	6	6	3		12	10	9
Selenium (µg)	54 (51, 56)^ab	52 (49, 54)^a	57 (54, 59)^b	0.033	43 (42, 45)^a	44 (42, 46)^a	43 (41, 44)^a	0.70
% below LRNI	35	27	16		57	52	50

Values are multivariate adjusted means (95% CIs) or percentages unless otherwise stated

¹Significant differences between red meat (RM) tertiles were determined by ANCOVA controlling for age, energy intake, socioeconomic classification (SEC) and number of daily cigarettes. Tertiles that do not share a superscripts letter were significantly different at P<0.05 based on Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparisons

²Retinol equivalents