. 2021 Feb 7;60(6):2979–2997. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02486-3

Table 4.

Multivariate adjusted daily intakes of macro- and micro-nutrients and percentage of men and women aged 19–64 y below the Lower recommended Nutrient Intakes (LRNI) across processed red meat (PRM) tertiles

Participants (n)	Tertiles of processed red meat (PRM) consumption, g/d
Participants (n)	Men				Women
	T1	T2	T3	ANCOVA	T1	T2	T3	ANCOVA
	(0–20)	(21–57)	(58–284)	P value¹	(0–7)	(8–30)	(31–162)	P value¹
	272	263	266		313	320	324
Total energy (MJ)	8.2 (7.9, 8.5)^a	9.0 (8.7, 9.3)^b	9.8 (9.5, 10.2)^c	0.0001	6.3 (6.0, 6.5)^a	6.7 (6.5, 6.9)^b	7.2 (7.0, 7.4)^c	0.0001
Protein (g)	87 (84, 90)^a	85 (82, 88)^a	87 (84, 90)^a	0.72	64 (63, 65)^a	64 (63, 65)^a	69 (67, 70)^b	0.0001
Fat (g)	77 (76, 79)^a	78 (76, 80)^a	82 (80, 84)^b	0.001	59 (58, 60)^a	58 (57, 59)^a	61 (60, 62)^b	0.002
% food energy	34 (33, 35)^a	35 (34, 36)^b	36 (35, 37)^b	0.0001	34 (33, 34)^a	34 (33, 34)^a	35 (35, 36)^b	0.0001
SFA (g)	28 (27, 28)^a	29 (28, 30)^b	30 (29, 31)^b	0.004	21 (20, 21)^a	21 (21, 22)^a	23 (22, 23)^b	0.0001
% food energy	12 (12, 12)^a	13 (13, 13)^b	13 (13, 13)^b	0.0001	12 (11, 12)^a	12 (12, 13)^b	13 (13, 14)^c	0.0001
Cis MUFA(g)	28 (27, 29)^a	28 (28, 29)^a	30 (30, 31)^b	0.0001	21 (21, 22)^a	21 (20, 21)^a	22 (21, 22)^a	0.030
% food energy	12 (12, 13)^a	13 (13, 13)^b	13 (13, 14)^b	0.0001	12 (12, 12)^a	12 (12, 13)^a	13 (12, 13)^b	0.003
Cis n-6 FAs (g)	12 (11, 12)^a	11 (10, 11)^b	12 (12, 13)^a	0.0001	9.2 (8.9, 9.6)^a	8.3 (8.0, 8.6)^b	8.6 (8.3, 8.9)^b	0.0001
% food energy	5.3 (5.1, 5.5)^a	4.9 (4.7, 5.1)^b	5.4 (5.2, 5.6)^a	0.001	5.3 (5.1, 5.4)^a	4.9 (4.7, 5.1)^b	5.0 (4.9, 5.2)^b	0.010
Cis n-3 FAs (g)	2.2 (2.1, 2.4)^a	2.2 (2.1, 2.3)^a	2.2 (2.0, 2.3)^a	0.52	2.0 (1.9, 2.1)^a	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)^b	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)^b	0.0001
% food energy	1.0 (0.96, 1.1)^a	0.99 (0.94, 1.0)^a	0.96 (0.9, 1.0)^a	0.50	1.1 (1.1, 1.2)^a	0.99 (0.94, 1.0)^b	0.99 (0.94, 1.0)^b	0.0001
Trans fatty acids (g)	1.5 (1.4, 1.5)^a	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)^a	1.5 (1.4, 1.6)^a	0.74	1.1 (1.0, 1.1)^a	1.1 (1.1, 1.2)^a	1.1 (1.1, 1.2)^a	0.48
% food energy	0.64 (0.61, 0.67)^a	0.67 (0.63, 0.70)^b	0.66 (0.62, 0.70)^b	0.60	0.62 (0.59, 0.65)^a	0.65 (0.62, 0.68)^b	0.66 (0.63, 0.69)^b	0.24
Carbohydrate (g)	258 (253, 262)^a	249 (244, 254)^b	249 (244, 254)^b	0.013	203 (199, 206)^a	195 (192, 198)^b	188 (184, 191)^c	0.0001
% food energy	49 (48, 49)^a	47 (46, 48)^b	46 (45, 47)^c	0.0001	50 (49, 50)^a	49 (48, 50)^a	46 (46, 47)^b	0.0001
Total sugars (g)	106 (102, 110)^a	108 (104, 112)^a	100 (96, 105)^b	0.05	82 (79, 85)^ab	85 (82, 88)^a	79 (76, 82)^b	0.020
% food energy	20 (19, 21)^a	20 (19, 21)^a	18 (18, 19)^b	0.006	20 (19, 21)^ab	21 (20, 22)^a	19 (19, 20)^b	0.006
Englyst fibre (g)	15 (15, 16)^a	14 (14, 15)^b	14 (14, 15)^b	0.001	13 (13, 14)^a	12 (12, 13)^b	12 (12, 13)^b	0.0001
Vitamin A (µg)²	946 (840, 1051)^a	1121 (1009, 1233)^b	743 (621, 864)^c	0.0001	1066 (960, 1172)^a	896 (790, 1002)^a	931 (822, 1039)^a	0.065
% below LRNI	11	11	8		8	6	4
Thiamin (mg)	1.5 (1.5, 1.6)^a	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)^b	1.7 (1.7, 1.8)^c	0.0001	1.2 (1.2, 1.3)^a	1.2 (1.2, 1.3)^a	1.4 (1.3, 1.4)^b	0.0001
% below LRNI	0	0	0		0	0	0
Riboflavin (mg)	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)^a	1.8 (1.7, 1.9)^a	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)^a	0.21	1.4 (1.3, 1.4)^a	1.3 (1.2, 1.3)^b	1.4 (1.3, 1.4)^a	0.003
% below LRNI	5	3	14		4	14	8
Niacin eqv (mg)	43 (41, 45)^a	43 (42, 45)^a	42 (40, 44)^a	0.61	32 (31, 33)^a	31 (30, 32)^a	32 (31, 33)^a	0.094
% below LRNI	0	0	0		0	0	0
Vitamin B6 (mg)	2.5 (2.4, 2.6)^a	2.7 (2.5, 2.8)^a	2.6 (2.4, 2.7)^a	0.066	1.9 (1.8, 2.0)^a	1.9 (1.8, 1.9)^a	1.9 (1.8, 2.0)^a	0.59
% below LRNI	4	1	13		3	14	5
Vitamin B12 (µg)	5.6 (5.2, 6.1)^a	6.1 (5.6, 6.6)^a	5.3 (4.8, 5.8)^a	0.06	4.9 (4.6, 5.2)^a	4.2 (3.9, 4.5)^b	4.5 (4.2, 4.8)^ab	0.011
% below LRNI	1	0	2		1	3	0
Folate (µg)	285 (274, 297)^a	290 (278, 303)^a	289 (276, 303)^a	0.82	237 (229, 245)^a	218 (210, 226)^b	231 (223, 240)^a	0.004
% below LRNI	1	2	6		1	5	2
Vitamin C (mg)	90 (83, 97)^a	86 (79, 93)^a	73 (65, 80)^b	0.004	83 (77, 89)^a	84 (78, 90)^a	78 (72, 84)^a	0.31
% below LRNI	1	2	0		0	1	1
Sodium (mg)	2305 (2234, 2376)^a	2591 (2516, 2667)^b	3031 (2949, 3113)^c	0.0001	1854 (1801, 1907)^a	1933 (1880, 1986)^b	2219 (2164, 2273)^c	0.0001
% below LRNI	1	0	0		0	2	0
Potassium (mg)	3046 (2977, 3115)^a	3060 (2986, 3133)^a	2980 (2901, 3060)^a	0.32	2530 (2476, 2584)^a	2478 (2424, 2532)^a	2521 (2465, 2576)^a	0.36
% below LRNI	14	7	28		10	25	19
Calcium (mg)	889 (860, 917)^a	899 (868, 929)^a	875 (841, 908)^a	0.58	716 (694, 737)^a	701 (679, 722)^a	711 (689, 733)^a	0.60
% below LRNI	7	1	10		6	11	5
Magnesium (mg)	294 (287, 301)^a	283 (276, 290)^b	267 (260, 275)^c	0.0001	233 (228, 238)^a	219 (214, 224)^b	218 (213, 223)^b	0.0001
% below LRNI	19	11	16		13	15	8
Iron (mg)	12 (12, 12)^a	12 (11, 12)^a	12 (11, 12)^a	0.12	9.8 (9.6, 10)^a	9.4 (9.2, 9.7)^b	9.5 (9.2, 9.7)^b	0.072
% below LRNI	3	0	31		1	27	21
Haem iron (mg)	0.68 (0.62, 0.74)^a	0.83 (0.77, 0.89)^b	0.96 (0.89, 1.0)^c	0.0001	0.51 (0.47, 0.55)^a	0.58 (0.54, 0.62)^b	0.7 (0.65, 0.74)^c	0.0001
Non-haem iron (mg)	11 (11, 12)^a	11 (10, 11)^b	11 (10, 1.0)^b	0.007	9.3 (9.1, 9.5)^a	8.8 (8.6, 9.1)^b	8.8 (8.5, 9.0)^b	0.005
Zinc (mg)	9.8 (9.5, 10)^a	9.7 (9.4, 10)^a	9.7 (9.3, 10)^a	0.90	7.4 (7.2, 7.6)^a	7.5 (7.3, 7.7)^a	7.8 (7.6, 8.0)^b	0.036
% below LRNI	12	5	6		7	9	1
Iodine (µg)	179 (171, 186)^a	183 (175, 191)^a	178 (169, 187)^a	0.63	144 (138, 149)^a	135 (130, 140)^b	130 (125, 136)^b	0.003
% below LRNI	6	3	13		6	11	7
Selenium (µg)	57 (55, 59)^a	53 (50, 55)^b	52 (50, 55)^b	0.019	46 (45, 48)^a	42 (40, 43)^b	42 (40, 43)^b	0.0001
% below LRNI	32	21	56		24	54	48

Values are multivariate adjusted means (95% CIs) or percentages unless otherwise stated

¹Significant differences between processed red meat (PRM) tertiles were determined by ANCOVA controlling for age, energy intake, socioeconomic classification (SEC) and number of daily cigarettes. Tertiles that do not share a superscripts letter were significantly different at P<0.05 based on Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparisons

²Retinol equivalents