. 2021 Feb 7;60(6):2979–2997. doi: 10.1007/s00394-021-02486-3

Table 5.

Multivariable adjusted means for cardio-metabolic risk markers for men and women aged 19–64 y across red meat (RM) tertiles

Blood biomarkers	Tertiles of red meat (RM) consumption, g/d
	Men				Women
	T1 (0–13)	T2 (14–60)	T3 (61–157)	ANCOVA P value*	T1 (0–8)	T2 (9–35)	T3 (36–157)	ANCOVA P value*
Participants (n)	94	109	66		109	104	99
Total-C (mmol/L)
Base model	5.3 (5.1, 5.5)^a	5.0 (4.8, 5.2)^a	5.1 (4.8, 5.3)^a	0.10	5.2 (5.0, 5.4)^a	5.3 (5.1, 5.5)^a	5.2 (5.1, 5.4)^a	0.77
+ BMI	5.3 (5.1, 5.5)^a	5.0 (4.8, 5.2)^a	5.1 (4.8, 5.3)a	0.11	5.2 (5.0, 5.4)^a	5.3 (5.1, 5.5)^a	5.2 (5.0, 5.4)^a	0.76
+ Dietary factors	5.3 (5.1, 5.5)^a	5.0 (4.9, 5.2)^a	5.0 (4.8, 5.3)a	0.085	5.2 (5.0, 5.4)^a	5.3 (5.1, 5.5)^a	5.2 (5.0, 5.4)^a	0.75
HDL-C (mmol/L)
Base model	1.3 (1.3, 1.4)^a	1.3 (1.2, 1.4)^a	1.4 (1.3, 1.5)^a	0.20	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)^a	1.7 (1.6, 1.8)^a	1.6 (1.6, 1.7)^a	0.37
+ BMI	1.3 (1.3, 1.4)^a	1.3 (1.2, 1.4)^a	1.4 (1.3, 1.5)^a	0.079	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)^a	1.7 (1.6, 1.7)^a	1.6 (1.6, 1.7)^a	0.28
+ Dietary factors	1.3 (1.3, 1.4)^a	1.3 (1.2, 1.4)^a	1.4 (1.3, 1.5)^a	0.15	1.6 (1.5, 1.7)^a	1.7 (1.6, 1.7)^a	1.6 (1.6, 1.7)^a	0.35
LDL-C (mmol/L)
Base model	3.3 (3.2, 3.5)^a	3.1 (3.0, 3.3)^a	3.1 (2.9, 3.3)^a	0.13	3.2 (3.0, 3.3)^a	3.2 (3.0, 3.4)^a	3.1 (3.0, 3.3)^a	0.90
+ BMI	3.3 (3.1, 3.5)^a	3.1 (3.0, 3.3)^a	3.1 (2.9, 3.3)^a	0.13	3.2 (3.0, 3.3)^a	3.2 (3.0, 3.4)^a	3.1 (3.0, 3.3)^a	0.80
+ Dietary factors	3.3 (3.1, 3.5)^a	3.1 (3.0, 3.3)^a	3.1 (2.9, 3.3)^a	0.16	3.2 (3.0, 3.3)^a	3.2 (3.0, 3.4)^a	3.1 (3.0, 3.3)^a	0.79
Total:HDL-C ratio
Base model	4.2 (4.0, 4.5)^a	3.9 (3.7, 4.1)^a	3.8 (3.5, 4.1)^a	0.048	3.5 (3.3, 3.6)^a	3.3 (3.1, 3.5)^a	3.3 (3.1, 3.5)^a	0.47
+ BMI	4.2 (4.0, 4.4)^a	3.9 (3.7, 4.2)^ab	3.7 (3.5, 4.0)^b	0.027	3.5 (3.3, 3.7)^a	3.3 (3.1, 3.5)^a	3.3 (3.1, 3.4)^a	0.30
+ Dietary factors	4.2 (4, 4.4)^a	4.0 (3.7, 4.2)^a	3.8 (3.5, 4.1)^a	0.10	3.5 (3.3, 3.6)^a	3.3 (3.1, 3.5)^a	3.3 (3.1, 3.5)^a	0.45
TAG (mmol/L)
Base model	1.5 (1.3, 1.7)^a	1.4 (1.2, 1.5)^a	1.3 (1.1, 1.5)^a	0.44	1.1 (1.0, 1.2)^a	1.0 (0.9, 1.2)^a	1.1 (1, 1.2)^a	0.83
+ BMI	1.5 (1.3, 1.6)^a	1.4 (1.2, 1.5)^a	1.3 (1.1, 1.5)^a	0.44	1.1 (1.0, 1.2)^a	1.0 (0.9, 1.2)^a	1.1 (1, 1.2)^a	0.85
+ Dietary factors	1.5 (1.3, 1.6)^a	1.4 (1.2, 1.5)^a	1.3 (1.1, 1.5)^a	0.37	1.1 (1.0, 1.2)^a	1.0 (0.9, 1.2)^a	1.1 (1, 1.2)^a	0.86
Homocysteine (μmol/L)
Base model	11 (9.9, 12)^a	9.9 (8.7, 11)^a	10 (8.7, 11)^a	0.29	9.7 (9.0, 10)^a	9.1 (8.3, 9.8)^a	9.0 (8.3, 9.6)^a	0.25
+ BMI	11 (9.9, 12)^a	9.8 (8.7, 11)^a	10 (8.7, 12)^a	0.26	9.7 (9.0, 10)^a	9.1 (8.3, 9.8)^a	9.0 (8.3, 9.6)^a	0.25
+ Dietary factors	11 (9.9, 12)^a	9.9 (8.8, 11)^a	10 (8.7, 12)^a	0.31	9.9 (9.3, 11)^a	9.1 (8.3, 9.8)^a	8.8 (8.1, 9.4)^a	0.057
CRP (mg/L)
Base model	2.3 (1.8, 2.8)^a	2.3 (1.8, 2.8)^a	1.9 (1.3, 2.5)^a	0.64	3.2 (2.1, 4.3)^a	2.8 (1.6, 4.1)^a	3.2 (2.2, 4.3)^a	0.88
+ BMI	2.3 (1.8, 2.7)^a	2.3 (1.9, 2.8)^a	1.9 (1.3, 2.5)^a	0.54	3.3 (2.2, 4.3)^a	2.9 (1.7, 4.1)^a	3.1 (2.1, 4.2)^a	0.91
+ Dietary factors	2.3 (1.8, 2.8)^a	2.3 (1.8, 2.8)^a	1.9 (1.3, 2.5)^a	0.65	3.3 (2.2, 4.4)^a	2.9 (1.6, 4.1)^a	3.1 (2.0, 4.1)^a	0.87
Hb A1c (%)
Base model	5.4 (5.3, 5.5)^a	5.4 (5.3, 5.5)^a	5.4 (5.3, 5.5)^a	0.21	5.4 (5.3, 5.5)^a	5.4 (5.3, 5.4)^a	5.5 (5.4, 5.5)^a	0.053
+ BMI	5.4 (5.3, 5.5)^a	5.4 (5.3, 5.5)^a	5.4 (5.3, 5.5)^a	0.81	5.4 (5.4, 5.5)^a	5.4 (5.3, 5.4)^a	5.5 (5.4, 5.5)^a	0.082
+ Dietary factors	5.4 (5.3, 5.5)^a	5.4 (5.3, 5.5)^a	5.4 (5.3, 5.5)^a	0.94	5.4 (5.4, 5.5)^a	5.4 (5.3, 5.4)^a	5.5 (5.4, 5.5)^a	0.16
Glucose (mmol/L)
Base model	5.2 (5.1, 5.3)^a	5.1 (4.9, 5.2)^a	5.0 (4.8, 5.1)^a	0.070	4.9 (4.8, 5.0)^a	4.9 (4.8, 5.0)^a	5.0 (4.9, 5.1)^a	0.36
+ BMI	5.2 (5.1, 5.3)^a	5.1 (5, 5.2)^a	5.0 (4.8, 5.1)^a	0.063	4.9 (4.8, 5.0)^a	4.9 (4.8, 5.0)^a	5.0 (4.9, 5.0)^a	0.51
+ Dietary factors	5.2 (5.1, 5.3)^a	5.1 (5, 5.2)^a	5.0 (4.8, 5.1)^a	0.070	4.9 (4.8, 5.0)^a	4.9 (4.8, 5.0)^a	5.0 (4.9, 5.0)^a	0.67
Ferritin (μg/L)
Base model	115 (97, 134)^a	138 (121, 156)^a	126 (104, 148)^a	0.21	50 (40, 60)^a	46 (35, 57)^a	62 (52, 71)^a	0.080
+ BMI	115 (97, 133)^a	139 (122, 156)^a	125 (103, 147)^a	0.15	50 (41, 60)^a	46 (35, 57)^a	61 (52, 71)^a	0.10
+ Dietary factors	119 (101, 137)^a	140 (123, 157)^a	118 (96, 140)^a	0.16	51 (41, 61)^a	46 (35, 57)^a	61 (51, 71)^a	0.14
Haemoglobin (g/L)
Base model	149 (147, 151)^a	148 (146, 149)^a	151 (149, 153)^a	0.12	131 (129, 133)^a	131 (129, 133)^a	133 (131, 135)^a	0.23
+ BMI	149 (147, 151)^a	148 (146, 150)^a	151 (149, 153)^a	0.15	131 (129, 133)^a	131 (129, 133)^a	133 (131, 134)^a	0.28
+ Dietary factors	149 (147, 151)^a	148 (146, 149)^a	151 (149, 153)^a	0.067	131 (129, 133)^a	131 (129, 133)^a	133 (131, 135)^a	0.16

Values are multivariate adjusted means (95% CIs)

*Significant differences between means across red meat (RM) tertiles were determined by ANCOVA controlling for age, energy intake, socioeconomic classification (SEC) and number of daily cigarettes (base model), with additional adjustment for BMI (+ BMI) and further adjustment for fruit and vegetables, fibre, dairy, oily fish and nuts (+ dietary factors). Tertiles that do not share a superscripts letter were significantly different at P<0.05 based on Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparisons