Table 6.
multivariable adjusted means for cardio-metabolic risk markers for men and women aged 19–64 y across processed red meat (PRM) tertiles
| Blood biomarkers | Tertiles of processed red meat (PRM) consumption, g/d | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||||||
| T1 (0–20) |
T2 (21–57) |
T3 (58–165) |
ANCOVA P value* |
T1 (0–7) |
T2 (8–30) |
T3 (31–162) |
ANCOVA P value* |
|
| Participants (n) | 88 | 89 | 92 | 100 | 110 | 102 | ||
| Total-C (mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Base model | 5.1 (4.9, 5.3)a | 5.2 (5.0, 5.4)a | 5.1 (4.8, 5.3)a | 0.66 | 5.3 (5.1, 5.4)ab | 5.1 (4.9, 5.2)a | 5.4 (5.2, 5.6)b | 0.027 |
| + BMI | 5.1 (5.0, 5.3)a | 5.2 (5.0, 5.4)a | 5.0 (4.8, 5.2)a | 0.42 | 5.3 (5.1, 5.5)ab | 5.1 (4.9, 5.2)a | 5.4 (5.2, 5.6)b | 0.021 |
| + Dietary factors | 5.2 (5.0, 5.4)a | 5.2 (5.0, 5.3)a | 5.0 (4.8, 5.2)a | 0.45 | 5.2 (5.0, 5.4)ab | 5.1 (4.9, 5.2)a | 5.4 (5.2, 5.6)b | 0.020 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Base model | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5)a | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4)a | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4)a | 0.20 | 1.7 (1.6, 1.7)a | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7)a | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7)a | 0.58 |
| + BMI | 1.4 (1.3, 1.4)a | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4)a | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4)a | 0.75 | 1.7 (1.6, 1.7)a | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7)a | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7)a | 0.72 |
| + Dietary factors | 1.4 (1.3, 1.4)a | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4)a | 1.3 (1.3, 1.4)a | 0.87 | 1.6 (1.6, 1.7)a | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7)a | 1.6 (1.5, 1.7)a | 0.88 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Base model | 3.2 (3.1, 3.4)a | 3.2 (3.0, 3.3)a | 3.1 (2.9, 3.3)a | 0.69 | 3.1 (2.9, 3.3)ab | 3.1 (2.9, 3.2)a | 3.4 (3.2, 3.5)b | 0.033 |
| + BMI | 3.3 (3.1, 3.4)a | 3.2 (3.0, 3.4)a | 3.1 (2.9, 3.2)a | 0.30 | 3.1 (3.0, 3.3)ab | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2)a | 3.4 (3.2, 3.5)b | 0.025 |
| + Dietary factors | 3.3 (3.1, 3.5)a | 3.2 (3.0, 3.3)a | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2)a | 0.15 | 3.1 (3.0, 3.3)ab | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2)a | 3.3 (3.2, 3.5)b | 0.030 |
| Total:HDL-C ratio | ||||||||
| Base model | 4.0 (3.7, 4.2)a | 3.9 (3.7, 4.2)a | 4.1 (3.8, 4.4)a | 0.78 | 3.4 (3.2, 3.7)a | 3.2 (3, 3.4)a | 3.4 (3.2, 3.6)a | 0.17 |
| + BMI | 4.1 (3.8, 4.3)a | 4.0 (3.7, 4.2)a | 3.9 (3.7, 4.2)a | 0.74 | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7)a | 3.2 (3, 3.4)a | 3.4 (3.2, 3.6)a | 0.067 |
| + Dietary factors | 4.1 (3.9, 4.3)a | 4.0 (3.7, 4.2)a | 3.9 (3.6, 4.1)a | 0.38 | 3.5 (3.3, 3.7)a | 3.2 (3, 3.4)a | 3.4 (3.2, 3.6)a | 0.12 |
| TAG (mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Base model | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4)a | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7)b | 1.5 (1.3, 1.7)b | 0.009 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3)a | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1)a | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)a | 0.17 |
| + BMI | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4)a | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7)b | 1.5 (1.3, 1.6)ab | 0.030 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3)a | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1)a | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)a | 0.13 |
| + Dietary factors | 1.3 (1.0.1, 1.4)a | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7)a | 1.4 (1.3, 1.6)a | 0.054 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)a | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1)a | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2)a | 0.41 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) | ||||||||
| Base model | 9.3 (8.1, 10)a | 11 (10, 13)b | 10 (9.0, 12)a | 0.033 | 9.4 (8.7, 10)a | 9.1 (8.5, 9.8)a | 9.2 (8.5, 9.9)a | 0.85 |
| + BMI | 9.2 (8.0, 10)a | 11 (10, 13)b | 11 (9.2, 12)ab | 0.024 | 9.4 (8.7, 10)a | 9.1 (8.5, 9.8)a | 9.2 (8.5, 10)a | 0.85 |
| + Dietary factors | 9.3 (8.1, 10)a | 11 (10, 12)a | 11 (9.2, 12)a | 0.059 | 9.6 (8.9, 10)a | 9.0 (8.3, 9.6)a | 9.2 (8.5, 10)a | 0.41 |
| CRP (mg/L) | ||||||||
| Base model | 2.0 (1.5, 2.5)a | 2.3 (1.8, 2.8)a | 2.3 (1.7, 2.8)a | 0.74 | 3.5 (2.4, 4.7)a | 2.5 (1.4, 3.5)a | 3.5 (2.3, 4.6)a | 0.32 |
| + BMI | 2.1 (1.6, 2.6)a | 2.3 (1.8, 2.8)a | 2.1 (1.5, 2.7)a | 0.81 | 3.6 (2.5, 4.8)a | 2.4 (1.4, 3.4)a | 3.5 (2.3, 4.6)a | 0.21 |
| + Dietary factors | 2.1 (1.6, 2.6)a | 2.4 (1.9, 2.9)a | 2.1 (1.5, 2.6)a | 0.67 | 3.7 (2.5, 4.9)a | 2.3 (1.3, 3.4)a | 3.5 (2.3, 4.6)a | 0.17 |
| Hb A1c (%) | ||||||||
| Base model | 5.5 (5.4, 5.5)a | 5.3 (5.2, 5.4)a | 5.4 (5.3, 5.5)a | 0.066 | 5.5 (5.4, 5.5)a | 5.3 (5.3, 5.4)b | 5.5 (5.4, 5.6)a | 0.001 |
| + BMI | 5.5 (5.4, 5.6)a | 5.3 (5.2, 5.4)b | 5.4 (5.3, 5.5)ab | 0.034 | 5.5 (5.4, 5.5)a | 5.3 (5.3, 5.4)b | 5.5 (5.4, 5.5)a | 0.0001 |
| + Dietary factors | 5.5 (5.4, 5.6)a | 5.3 (5.2, 5.4)b | 5.3 (5.2, 5.4)ab | 0.011 | 5.5 (5.4, 5.5)a | 5.3 (5.3, 5.4)b | 5.5 (5.4, 5.5)a | 0.0001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | ||||||||
| Base model | 5.0 (4.9, 5.1)a | 5.1 (4.9, 5.2)ab | 5.2 (5.1, 5.4)b | 0.022 | 4.9 (4.8, 5.0)a | 5.0 (4.9, 5.1)a | 4.9 (4.8, 5.0)a | 0.49 |
| + BMI | 5.0 (4.9, 5.1)a | 5.1 (5.0, 5.2)a | 5.2 (5.1, 5.3)a | 0.13 | 4.9 (4.8, 5.0)a | 5.0 (4.9, 5.0)a | 4.9 (4.8, 5.0)a | 0.64 |
| + Dietary factors | 5.0 (4.9, 5.1)a | 5.1 (4.9, 5.2)a | 5.2 (5.1, 5.3)a | 0.23 | 4.9 (4.8, 5.0)a | 5.0 (4.9, 5.0)a | 4.9 (4.8, 5.0)a | 0.55 |
| Ferritin (μg/L) | ||||||||
| Base model | 101 (84, 119)a | 153 (135, 171)b | 127 (106, 147)ab | 0.0001 | 54 (44, 65)a | 57 (48, 67)a | 48 (38, 59)a | 0.43 |
| + BMI | 104 (87, 122)a | 154 (136, 171)b | 122 (101, 142)ab | 0.0001 | 55 (44, 65)a | 57 (48, 67)a | 48 (38, 59)a | 0.44 |
| + Dietary factors | 99 (82, 117)a | 154 (136, 171)b | 128 (108, 149)ab | 0.0001 | 57 (46, 67)a | 57 (48, 67)a | 47 (36, 57)a | 0.29 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L) | ||||||||
| Base model | 148 (146, 150)a | 149 (147, 151)a | 150 (148, 152)a | 0.27 | 130 (128, 131)a | 133 (131, 134)a | 132 (130, 134)a | 0.048 |
| + BMI | 148 (147, 150)a | 149 (147, 151)a | 150 (148, 152)a | 0.43 | 130 (128, 132)a | 133 (131, 134)a | 132 (130, 134)a | 0.062 |
| + Dietary factors | 149 (147, 150)a | 149 (147, 150)a | 150 (148, 152)a | 0.69 | 130 (128, 132)a | 133 (131, 135)a | 132 (130, 134)a | 0.086 |
Values are multivariate adjusted means (95% CIs)
*Significant differences between means across processed red meat (PRM) tertiles were determined by ANCOVA controlling for age, energy intake, socioeconomic classification (SEC) and number of daily cigarettes (Base model), with additional adjustment for BMI (+ BMI) and further adjustment for fruit and vegetables, fibre, dairy, oily fish and nuts (+ dietary factors). Tertiles that do not share a superscripts letter were significantly different at P<0.05 based on Bonferroni post hoc pairwise comparisons