Table 1.

A summary of the effect of the various dietary components or caloric restriction on the gut microbiota.

Dietary Component/Lifestyle	Microbiota Change (Phylum, Family, or Genus level)	References
Fiber	↑ Pasteurellaceae ↑ Roseburia, ↑ Eubacterium rectale ↑ Ruminococcus bromii	[14,34]
Protein	↑ Lachnospiraceae ↓ Bifidobacteriaceae	[14]
Dietary Fat	↑ Clostridiaceae ↑ Lachnospiraceae ↑ Ruminococcaceae ↓ Bifidobacteriaceae ↓ Turicibacteraceae ↓ Erysiplotrichaceae	[31,34]
Polyphenols & Glucosinolates	↑ Akkermansia muciniphila ↑ Bacteriodetes ↓ Firmicutes	[36,37,40]
Caloric Restriction	↑ Bacteroides fragilis ↑ Lactobacilli ↑ Bacteriodetes ↓ Clostridium coccoides ↓ Lactococcus ↓ Bacteriodales ↓ Peptostreptococcaceae ↓ Firmicutes ↓ Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio	[41,42]
Vegetarian Diet	↑ Bacteriodes-Prevotella ↑ Bacteriodes thetaiotamicron ↑ Clostridium clostridioforme ↓ Clostridium coccoides	[29]
Vegan Diet	↑ Bacteriodaceae	[29]
Animal-Based Diet	↑ Bilophila wadsworthia ↑ Lactococcus lactic ↑ Staphylococcus carnosus ↑ Pediococcus acidilactici ↑ Penicillium sp. ↓ Firmicutes	[34]
Breast Milk	↑ Bifidobacterium ↑ Enterobacteriaceae ↑ Veillonella ↑ Lachnospiraceae ↑ Clostridium perfringens ↑ Lactobacillus ↓ Staphylococcus ↓ Streptococcus ↓ Lachnospiraceae ↓ Ruminococcaceae	[14,27,28]