Table 2.

Selected epidemiologic studies describing kidney stone disease (KSD) incidence and prevalence in the United States (US).

Ref.	Years of study	Study design/setting	Cohort description	Major findings	Comment
12	2007-2018	Cross-sectional (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)	554 individuals with KSDa; 62% non-Hispanic White, 16% Hispanic, 11% non-Hispanic Black, 11% otherb	KSD prevalence in US remains higher in men, but is increasing only in women	KSD was self-reported
13	1994-2010	Cross-sectional (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)	1,017 individuals with KSDc	KSD prevalence has increased among Blacks and Hispanics	KSD was self-reported
14	1997-2012	Cross-sectional (South Carolina Medical Encounter data)	152,925 individuals receiving care for KSD; 85% White, 12% Black, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% American Indian, 2.4% other	KSD incidence has increased among young patients, women, and Blacks	Hispanic ethnicity not reported
15	1999-2014	Cohort of individuals residing in 12 southeastern states (Southern Community Cohort Study)	1,233 incident KSD cases; 47% White, 53% Black	White men had highest risk of KSD, while no difference in risk observed between Black men and women	Analysis restricted to Black and non-Hispanic White individuals
16	2000-2012	Multisite cohort (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)	6,814 individuals aged 45-84; 38% White, 28% Black, 22% Hispanic, 12% Asian	Recurrent KSD is associated with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis	Analyses adjusted for age, gender, and race/ethnicity
17	1992-2008	Cohort spanning 24 rural Wisconsin ZIP codes (Marshfield Epidemiologic Study Area)	9,642 incident and recurrent KSD cases	KSD incidence, prevalence, and recurrence have increased, with greater increases noted among women	Race/ethnicity not reported; in 2000, population of study region was 97% non-Hispanic White
18	1984-2003	Sample of Olmstead County, Minnesota residents	1,633 individuals with incident symptomatic stones	Older individuals presenting with urolithiasis less likely to have typical renal colic	Race/ethnicity not reported; in 2000, population of study region was 90% White
19	1980-2002	Cohort of healthcare workers (Health Professionals Follow-up Study and Nurses’ Health Study I-II)	4,827 incident KSD cases	Obesity and weight gain increased risk of KSD	Race/ethnicity not reported

^aEstimate based on reported 2017-2018 data

^bPercentages based on overall 2017-2018 cohort (n=5,222)

^cEstimate based on reported 2007-2010 data, overall race/ethnicity distribution not reported