Table 2.
Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Association of Body Mass Index Category with Neurocognitive Measurements
| Cognitive Domain | Measurement | Overweight/Obese (n = 90) vs. Healthy/Underweight (n = 120) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Estimate | SE | P | ||
| Executive function | ||||
| Abstraction | DKEFS Abstraction | −0.058 | 0.169 | 0.732 |
| Inhibitory control | DKEFS Inhibition | −0.002 | 0.167 | 0.993 |
| DKEFS Inhibition/switching | −0.009 | 0.165 | 0.956 | |
| Cognitive flexibility | DKEFS Number-Letter Switching | −0.526 | 0.187 | 0.005 |
| WCST Perseverative Errors | −0.316 | 0.253 | 0.213 | |
| WCST Perseverative Response | −0.323 | 0.260 | 0.217 | |
| WCST Conceptual Level Response | 0.001 | 0.190 | 0.994 | |
| Planning | DKEFS Tower | −0.284 | 0.136 | 0.038 |
| Verbal fluency | DKEFS Letter Fluency | −0.388 | 0.155 | 0.013 |
| DKEFS Category Fluency | −0.620 | 0.168 | <0.001 | |
| DKEFS Category Switching | −0.273 | 0.150 | 0.071 | |
| Organization | Rey Complex Figure Copy | −0.703 | 0.386 | 0.070 |
| Working memory | WS Digit Span Backward | −0.345 | 0.162 | 0.034 |
| WS Spatial Span Backward | −0.091 | 0.157 | 0.564 | |
| Spatial construction | WASI Block Design | −0.314 | 0.157 | 0.047 |
| Attention | ||||
| Attention span | WS Digit Span Forward | −0.314 | 0.158 | 0.048 |
| WS Spatial Span Forward | −0.269 | 0.150 | 0.075 | |
| Risk taking | CPT II Beta | −0.409 | 0.159 | 0.011 |
| Commissions | CPT II Commissions | −0.094 | 0.193 | 0.626 |
| Detectability | CPT II d Prime | −0.226 | 0.192 | 0.239 |
| Omissions | CPT II Omissions | −0.405 | 0.247 | 0.102 |
| Perseveration | CPT II Perseveration | −0.461 | 0.299 | 0.125 |
| Response speed consistency | CPT II Hit Reaction Time Standard Error | −0.265 | 0.198 | 0.181 |
| CPT II Variability of Standard Error | −0.038 | 0.195 | 0.844 | |
| Processing speed | ||||
| Word reading | DKEFS Word Reading | 0.075 | 0.148 | 0.614 |
| Color naming | DKEFS Color Naming | −0.073 | 0.144 | 0.612 |
| Visual motor coordination | DKEFS Motor Speed | −0.144 | 0.153 | 0.348 |
| DKEFS Number Sequencing | −0.566 | 0.166 | 0.001 | |
| DKEFS Letter Sequencing | −0.327 | 0.185 | 0.079 | |
| WS Digit Symbol | −0.295 | 0.147 | 0.046 | |
| WS Processing Speed Index | −0.419 | 0.152 | 0.007 | |
| Visual speed | CPT II Hit Reaction Time | −0.359 | 0.179 | 0.047 |
| WS Symbol Search | −0.470 | 0.164 | 0.005 | |
| Motor speed | GPB Dominant Hand | −0.466 | 0.244 | 0.058 |
| GPB Non-Dominant Hand | −0.673 | 0.249 | 0.007 | |
Abbreviations: SE, standard error; DKEFS, Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WS, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children/Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; CPT II, Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II; GPB, Grooved Pegboard Test
All models were adjusted for sex, time since diagnosis, Total XV treatment risk, parents’ highest education in years, and BMI Z-score at diagnosis.