Table 3.

Longitudinal Analysis of the Association of Overweight/Obesity Area Under the Curve with Neurocognitive Measurements During Treatment

Cognitive Domain	Measurement	Induction				Consolidation				Early maintenance (Weeks 1–48)				Late maintenance (Weeks 49–120)
		Estimate	SE	Std. Est	P	Estimate	SE	Std. Est	P	Estimate	SE	Std. Est	P	Estimate	SE	Std. Est	P
Executive function
Abstraction	DKEFS Abstraction	−0.023	0.062	−0.372	0.710	−0.017	0.033	−0.514	0.610	−0.038	0.063	−0.601	0.550	−0.002	0.030	−0.065	0.950
Inhibitory control	DKEFS Inhibition	−0.099	0.058	−1.702	0.091	−0.038	0.031	−1.219	0.220	−0.019	0.060	−0.313	0.750	−0.038	0.029	−1.331	0.180
	DKEFS Inhibition/Switching	0.017	0.061	0.281	0.780	0.031	0.032	0.942	0.350	0.027	0.063	0.439	0.660	−0.022	0.030	−0.733	0.460
Cognitive flexibility	DKEFS Number-Letter Switching	−0.144	0.065	−2.202	0.029	−0.072	0.034	−2.110	0.036	−0.141	0.066	−2.126	0.035	−0.092	0.032	−2.909	0.004
	WCST Perseverative Errors	−0.229	0.093	−2.467	0.015	−0.137	0.047	−2.917	0.004	−0.261	0.095	−2.760	0.006	−0.081	0.046	−1.783	0.076
	WCST Perseverative Response	−0.240	0.096	−2.492	0.014	−0.135	0.049	−2.756	0.007	−0.268	0.098	−2.729	0.007	−0.086	0.047	−1.821	0.070
	WCST Conceptual Level Response	−0.158	0.070	−2.255	0.025	−0.087	0.035	−2.465	0.015	−0.123	0.072	−1.704	0.090	−0.035	0.035	−1.012	0.310
Planning	DKEFS Tower	0.000	0.051	−0.006	0.990	0.009	0.026	0.338	0.740	0.018	0.052	0.340	0.730	−0.001	0.025	−0.036	0.970
Verbal fluency	DKEFS Letter Fluency	−0.080	0.057	−1.395	0.160	−0.041	0.029	−1.386	0.170	−0.043	0.059	−0.735	0.460	−0.072	0.027	−2.637	0.009
	DKEFS Category Fluency	−0.066	0.063	−1.040	0.300	−0.040	0.033	−1.211	0.230	−0.093	0.064	−1.451	0.150	−0.052	0.031	−1.675	0.096
	DKEFS Category Switching	0.010	0.054	0.191	0.850	0.017	0.028	0.586	0.560	0.020	0.055	0.356	0.720	0.001	0.026	0.046	0.960
Organization	Rey Complex Figure Copy	−0.183	0.148	−1.232	0.220	−0.100	0.078	−1.282	0.200	−0.271	0.151	−1.795	0.074	−0.106	0.072	−1.466	0.140
Working memory	WS Digit Span Backward	0.004	0.061	0.072	0.940	0.019	0.031	0.601	0.550	−0.014	0.062	−0.217	0.830	0.000	0.030	0.015	0.990
	WS Spatial Span Backward	−0.033	0.058	−0.563	0.570	−0.001	0.030	−0.042	0.970	−0.042	0.059	−0.706	0.480	−0.040	0.028	−1.412	0.160
Spatial construction	WASI Block Design	−0.093	0.058	−1.605	0.110	−0.069	0.030	−2.275	0.024	−0.130	0.059	−2.222	0.028	−0.049	0.028	−1.734	0.085
Attention
Attention span	WS Digit Span Forward	−0.058	0.060	−0.958	0.340	−0.041	0.031	−1.323	0.190	−0.122	0.061	−1.993	0.048	−0.050	0.029	−1.718	0.088
	WS Spatial Span Forward	0.010	0.057	0.179	0.860	0.017	0.030	0.590	0.560	0.003	0.058	0.057	0.950	0.009	0.028	0.328	0.740
Risk taking	CPT II Beta	−0.082	0.051	−1.611	0.110	−0.047	0.025	−1.899	0.059	−0.092	0.053	−1.755	0.081	−0.062	0.025	−2.487	0.014
Commissions	CPT II Commissions	0.001	0.067	0.009	0.990	−0.017	0.035	−0.485	0.630	−0.034	0.069	−0.489	0.630	−0.008	0.033	−0.233	0.820
Detectability	CPT II d Prime	−0.037	0.066	−0.562	0.570	−0.046	0.034	−1.360	0.180	−0.059	0.069	−0.863	0.390	−0.010	0.033	−0.315	0.750
Omissions	CPT II Omissions	−0.124	0.088	−1.404	0.160	−0.107	0.047	−2.251	0.026	−0.165	0.091	−1.810	0.072	−0.063	0.043	−1.457	0.150
Perseveration	CPT II Perseveration	−0.106	0.111	−0.957	0.340	−0.100	0.060	−1.670	0.097	−0.097	0.115	−0.845	0.400	−0.003	0.055	−0.053	0.960
Response speed consistency	CPT II Hit Reaction Time Standard Error	−0.068	0.067	−1.017	0.310	−0.065	0.036	−1.826	0.070	−0.060	0.069	−0.864	0.390	−0.025	0.033	−0.742	0.460
	CPT II Variability of Standard Error	−0.049	0.067	−0.729	0.470	−0.048	0.035	−1.362	0.170	−0.041	0.069	−0.590	0.560	−0.010	0.033	−0.313	0.750
Processing speed
Word reading	DKEFS Word Reading	0.005	0.053	0.102	0.920	0.025	0.028	0.885	0.380	0.048	0.055	0.876	0.380	−0.033	0.026	−1.230	0.220
Color naming	DKEFS Color Naming	−0.042	0.052	−0.802	0.420	−0.005	0.028	−0.193	0.850	0.018	0.053	0.332	0.740	−0.031	0.026	−1.205	0.230
Visual motor coordination	DKEFS Motor Speed	−0.027	0.058	−0.471	0.640	−0.010	0.031	−0.318	0.750	−0.011	0.058	−0.188	0.850	−0.032	0.028	−1.126	0.260
	DKEFS Number Sequencing	−0.028	0.064	−0.445	0.660	−0.003	0.033	−0.093	0.930	−0.021	0.065	−0.328	0.740	−0.034	0.031	−1.094	0.280
	DKEFS Letter Sequencing	−0.044	0.069	−0.642	0.520	−0.023	0.035	−0.656	0.510	−0.035	0.070	−0.499	0.620	−0.050	0.034	−1.494	0.140
	WS Digit Symbol	−0.014	0.053	−0.261	0.790	0.001	0.028	0.026	0.980	−0.049	0.054	−0.907	0.370	−0.017	0.026	−0.672	0.500
	WS Processing Speed Index	−0.067	0.056	−1.209	0.230	−0.026	0.030	−0.873	0.380	−0.080	0.057	−1.401	0.160	−0.039	0.027	−1.422	0.150
Visual speed	CPT II Hit Reaction Time	−0.087	0.060	−1.460	0.150	−0.053	0.032	−1.663	0.098	−0.057	0.062	−0.923	0.360	−0.060	0.029	−2.054	0.041
	WS Symbol Search	−0.103	0.062	−1.672	0.096	−0.045	0.033	−1.382	0.170	−0.093	0.063	−1.466	0.140	−0.053	0.030	−1.747	0.082
Motor speed	GPB Dominant Hand	−0.192	0.091	−2.112	0.036	−0.092	0.048	−1.907	0.058	−0.052	0.094	−0.555	0.580	−0.037	0.045	−0.818	0.410
	GPB Non-Dominant Hand	−0.221	0.095	−2.323	0.021	−0.148	0.050	−2.953	0.004	−0.164	0.098	−1.670	0.097	−0.104	0.047	−2.218	0.028

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; Std. Est, standard estimate, DKEFS, Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WS, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children/Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; CPT II, Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II; GPB, Grooved Pegboard Test

All periods were adjusted for sex, time since diagnosis, Total XV treatment risk, parents’ highest education in years, and body mass index Z-score at diagnosis.

Standard estimate was calculated as estimate divided by standard error.