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. 2021 Aug 10;11:16215. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95442-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative haplotype cluster networks of pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic vaccine candidates. Clustering of haplotypes across populations for pre-erythrocytic candidates (a) CELTOS, (b) CSP, and erythrocytic vaccine candidates (c) AMA1, (d) MSP1 and (e) PHISTB. Each node represents a haplotype with pies colour coded according to the proportion of haplotypes originating from a specific country. The lengths of edges connecting each pair of pies is proportion to the number of base pair substitutions separating the haplotypes.