Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Aug 10;12:4801. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24805-2

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 4 — a Scheme: optostimulation of MS GABAergic inputs (blue) to hippocampus and neuronal recordings. Images: ChR2-tdTomato expression. b Entrainment of theta oscillations in (a). Blue bars: light pulses; gray dots: projections of MS-GABA⁺-neurons; red line: not stimulated cholinergic inputs. c Stimulation of GABA⁺-inputs entrains oscillations but not pyramidal cells’ bursts (n = 14 and 18 cells, 3 mice). d Scheme: ChR2 stimulation of MS-GABA⁺ (gray dots) and GABA^- (including cholinergic, red dots) inputs and neuronal recordings. Images: eNPAC2.0-eYFP expression (see also Supplementary Fig. 6a). e Entrainment of theta in (d). Dots: MS-GABA⁺ (gray) and GABA^- (red) inputs. f LFP power spectra during 7 Hz stimulation (blue) and baseline (black). g Modulation of bursts during baseline and phase-locked activation of GABA⁺- & GABA^--inputs (n = 37 and 38 cells, 3 mice, see also Supplementary Fig. 6d). h Bursts entrainment during stimulation of GABA⁺- (c) vs. GABA⁺- & GABA^--projections (d) (independent squared differences with spontaneous theta in n = 20 phase bins/group, p = 0.0055, t test). i Scheme: optostimulation of cholinergic neurons and neuronal recordings in the MS. Image: eNPAC2.0-eYFP expression. j Light-triggered CCG of a putative MS-ChAT⁺-cell (response: 5.3 SD above mean). Inset: average spikes during baseline and stimulation (Pearson’s r = 0.97). k Firing probability of the cell from (j) vs. MS theta-phase. l High and low theta-rhythmic MS cells (pulled distribution’s bimodality: p = 0.005, Silverman’s test, n = 22 cells). ChAT⁺-cells rhythmicity: 55th/upper 20th and upper 10th percentiles in highly and low rhythmic populations, respectively. m Scheme: optostimulation of cholinergic projections and hippocampal recordings. Image: eNPAC2.0-eYFP expression. n Theta oscillations are not phase-synchronized to the stimulation of cholinergic projections. o CA1 LFP power spectra during baseline and stimulation of cholinergic projections. p Stimulation of cholinergic inputs alone does not influence burst firing of pyramidal cells (spike counts, baseline vs. light, p > 0.05, permutation test, n = 18 cells, 2 mice). Data in curves are presented as mean ± SEM (shaded bonds), arb.units, arbitrary units, see also Supplementary Information, Statistical Analysis (Fig. 4h, l).